HYPEREMESI

S
GRAVIDARU
M
Group 1
- Abellera, Asoy, Cagas, Dasmarinas, Lagare,
Mustapha, Puracan, Tingcay
Table of contents

01 Introduction 04 Mode of Transmission

02 Pathophysiology 05 Treatment

03 Prevalence 06 Prevention
 HYPEREMESIS
GRAVIDARUM
- persistent and severe nausea
and vomiting during pregnancy,
which leads to weight loss,
dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances. And it is one of the
common reasons for hospital
admission during pregnancy.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 PREVALENCE
● The prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum is
approximately 0.3-3% of pregnancies
● More common among young, primiparous mothers who
are non-Caucasian and non-smokers.
● Worldwide, women of Asian and Middle Eastern
ethnicities have been reported to have higher rates of
prevalence.
● 192,000 hospital visits occur in the US annually for HG
● Approximately 4,000 Canadian women a year experience
hyperemesis gravidarum, according to estimates from the
U.S
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
● HCG or Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin
● Estrogen, in which it will occur
at first trimester of pregnancy
● Although the fatality in the
hyperemesis gravidarum is
uncommon, it has been linked to
both maternal and fetal
morbidity
TREATMENT
 OTHER TREATMENT

Bed rest Herbs Hypnosis

01 02 03 04 05

Acupressure Homeopathic
remedies
 PREVENTION

● Small, ● Consuming ● Before taking iron ● As directed by a

frequent bland meals supplements, wait healthcare provider,
meals until the nausea using a pressure-point
has subsided wristband, Vitamin
B6, and/or ginger.
REFERENCES
● Editor. (2021, December 9). Hyperemesis Gravidarum. American Pregnancy
Association. https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-
complications/hyperemesis-gravidarum/
● Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12232-hyperemesis-gravidarum-
severe-nausea--vomiting-during-pregnancy
● Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Investigations - Antiemetics. (2018, January 6).
TeachMeObGyn.
https://teachmeobgyn.com/pregnancy/medical-disorders/hyperemesis-gravidarum/
Thank
You!
URINARY
TRACT
INFECTION
Pregnancy
GROUP 2
 01 UTI Definition

02 Pathophysiology

TABLE OF 03 Prevalence
CONTENTS
04 Mode Of Transmission

05 Treatment

06 Prevention
01
DEFINITION
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
● A urinary tract infection is what happens when bacteria
(germs) get into the urinary tract (the bladder, urethra and
kidney) and multiply. The result is redness, swelling and pain
in the urinary tract.
● The presence of bacteria is termed as Bacteriuria; may be
symptomatic or asymptomatic
● A complicated urinary infection carries a moderate to high
risk of sepsis, with significant morbidity and mortality.
02
PATHOPHYSIOLOG
Y
Pathophysiology of UTI
Organisms causing UTI in
pregnancy are the same
uropathogens which commonly
cause UTI in non-pregnant
patients.

❖ Escherichia coli
❖ Klebsiella pneumoniae
❖ Staphylococcus
❖ Streptococcus
❖ Proteus
❖ Enterococcus species
03
PREVALENCE
PREVALENCE
● According to the 1997 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National
Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey:
UTI accounted for nearly 7 million office visits and 1 million emergency
department visits, resulting in 100,000 hospitalizations.
● Women are significantly more likely to experience UTI than men.
● Between 50% and 60% of adult women will have at least one UTI in their lifetime.
● UTIs are the second most common form of infection, accounting for nearly 25% of
all infections.
04
MODE of
TRANSMISSION
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
UTI Transmissions are caused by the migration of organisms from the perineum
via the urethra to the bladder (and subsequently to the kidney) is by far the most
common route of infection.

In understandable terms, it is caused by bacteria that live in the vagina, genital,

and anal areas that may enter the urethra, travel to the bladder, and cause an infection.
This can happen during sexual activity when bacteria from your partner's genitals,
anus, fingers, or sex toys gets pushed into your urethra. But you don't have to have
sexual contact to get an infection. Anything that brings bacteria in contact with your
urethra can cause a UTI.
05
TREATMENT
TREATMENT
ANTIBIOTIC PREGNANCY CATEGORY DOSAGE

Cephalexin (Keflex) B 250 mg 2 or 4 times daily

Erythromycin B 250 to 500 mg 4 times daily

Nitrofurantoin (Mactodantin) B 50 to 100 mg 4 times daily

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid B 250 mg 4 times daily

(Augmentin)

Forsfomycin (Monurol) B One 3-g sachet

Trimethoprim- C 160/180 mg twice daily

sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim)
06
PREVENTION
 PREVENTION
❖ Drink at least eight glasses of ❖ Wash your genital area
water a day. with warm water before
❖ Wipe yourself from front to sex.
back when you go to the ❖ Wear cotton underwear.
bathroom. ❖ Take showers instead of
❖ Empty your bladder fully baths.
when urinating. ❖ Don’t wear pants that are
❖ If you need a lubricant when too tight.
you have sex, choose a ❖ Pee often.
water-based one. ❖ Avoid alcohol, citrus
❖ Avoid strong feminine wash, juices, spicy food, and
strong soaps, scented caffeinated drinks, which
pantyliners and douches. can irritate your bladder.
 THANKS! End of slides!

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Al-Ramadhan, Bayawa, Canedo, Gatmaitan, Odzong, Mades, Solis,Valmores GROUP 3

Gestational Diabetes
 Group 3

Pathophysiology

RISK FACTORS: 
• Overweight
• Family 
• Personal history of diabetes/ prediabetes
• Age : older than 25
• race : non- white 
• Having previously given birth to large babies 2
GROUP 3

3
Group 3

4
 Group 3

Prevalence

• Internationally, the prevalence of GDM varies from 1 to 28 %.

Even if the same diagnostic criteria and screening method are
applied, the prevalence of GDM varies depending on
population characteristics such as age, ethnicity,
overweight/obesity, lifestyle (physical activity, diet) and type 2
diabetes mellitus prevalence in the background population

• Gestational diabetes (GDM) is prevalent in the Philippines.

Published data from the Asian Federation of Endocrine
Societies Study Group on Diabetes in Pregnancy (ASGODIP)
showed that the Philippines has a GDM prevalence of 14% in
5
1203 pregnancies surveyed.
 Group 3

Prevention

Name
• Before getting pregnant, it may be able
to prevent gestational diabetes by losing
weight if overweight and getting regular
physical activity. 
• Don’t try to lose weight when pregnant. It
will need to gain some weight but not too
quickly for the baby to be healthy.
• Work to improve your diet, eat healthy
foods and establish a regular exercise
routine 

6
 Group 3

Mode of transmission

• Non-communicable disease 
• Mother to child transmission
• Non-genetic transmission

7
 Group 3

Treatment

8
Al-Ramadhan, Bayawa, Canedo, Gatmaitan, Odzong, Mades, Solis,Valmores Group 3

Thank you!

The End
GESTATIONAL
HYPERTENSION
Group 4: AMBONG, BONGABONG,
CASTILLO, GOROY, IBNOSALI,
MORGADO, PANGANIBAN, TABLIZO
 TOPICS FOR
DISCUSSION
Pathophysiology
Prevalence
Mode of Transmission

Treatment

Prevention
PATHOPHYSIOLOG
Y
PREVALENCE
• Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy occur in women with
preexisting primary or secondary chronic hypertension, and in
women who develop new-onset hypertension in the second half of
pregnancy.
• The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence and
correlates of hypertension in pregnancy in a rural area.
• A total of 931 pregnant women were included in the present study.
The prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy was found to be
6.9%. Maternal age 225 years, gestational period ≤20 weeks,
history of cesarean section, history of preterm delivery, and
history of hypertension in a previous pregnancy was found to be
significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in
pregnancy.
 MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Gestational Hypertension is not an infectious disease that
includes direct contact, droplets, a vector such as a
mosquito, a vehicle such as food, or the airborne route.
However, it has risk factors that can lead pregnant women
to this kind of disease such as;
● Pre-existing hypertension (high blood pressure)
● Kidney disease.
● Diabetes.
● Hypertension with a previous pregnancy.
● Mother's age younger than 20 or older than 40.
● Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets)
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
-Use salt as needed for taste.
-Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day.
-Increase the amount of protein you take in,
and decrease the number of fried foods and
junk food you eat.
-Get enough rest.
-Exercise regularly.
-Avoid drinking alcohol.
-Avoid beverages containing caffeine.
 END
OF
SLIDES
PostpartumDep
ression
ARANZO
BAGNOL
CADUCOY
DANTE
GUERRA
PLAZA
Postpartum Depression (PPD)

● Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex mix of physical, emotional, and behavioral

changes that happen in some women after giving birth.
● Diagnosed when at least five depressive symptoms are present for at least 2 weeks.
○ Depressed mood
○ Loss of interest or pleasure
○ Insomnia or hypersomnia
○ Psychomotor retardation or agitation
○ Worthlessness or guilt
○ Loss of energy or fatigue
○ Suicidal ideation or attempt and recurrent thoughts of death
○ Impaired concentration or indecisiveness
○ Change in weight or appetite
 Pathophysiology
● currently unknown but it has been suggested that genetics, hormonal and
psychological, and social life stressors play a role in the development of PPD.
● Changes in the reproductive hormones stimulate the dysregulation of these
hormones in sensitive women.
○ The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
- HPA axis causes the release of cortisol in trauma and stress, and if
the HPA axis function is not normal, then the response decreases
the release of catecholamines leading to the poor stress response.
- HPA-releasing hormones increase during pregnancy and remain
elevated up to 12 weeks after childbirth.
Pathophysiology
○ rapid changes in reproductive hormones like estradiol and progesterone
following delivery can lead to the onset of depressive symptoms.
○ Oxytocin and prolactin
- hormones regulate the milk let-down reflex as well as the synthesis
of breast milk.
-failure to lactate and the onset of PPD occur at the same time.
-Low levels of oxytocin during the third trimester, lower levels of
oxytocin are associated with increased depressive symptoms during
pregnancy and following delivery.
Prevalence
○ most commonly occurs within 6 weeks after
childbirth
○ occurs in about 6.5% to 20% of women
○ the mood disorder that affects
approximately 10–15% of adult mothers
yearly
○ It occurs more commonly in adolescent
females, mothers who deliver premature
infants, and women living in urban areas.
 Risk Factors
Mode of Transmission
○ History of depression
○ Troubled Childhood
○ Stress in the home or at work
● Non- communicable
○ Lack self-esteem Disease
○ Lack of support system ● The epidemiological
○ Hormones evidence to support
○ Lack of sleep that PPD can be
○ Anxiety inherited is
○ Self-image
inconclusive.
 Treatment
● Brexanolone
○ A proprietary IV formulation of allopregnanolone, a
progesterone metabolite.
○ It modulates the neurotransmitter gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) by binding to both synaptic
and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, increasing receptor
functionality.
○ the first drug to be specifically approved for postpartum
depression
○ received FDA approval in March 2019
○ administered as a continuous IV infusion over a period
of 60 hours, for approximately 2.5 days
 Treatment
● Antidepressants
○ affect certain brain chemicals called
neurotransmitters
○ Needs careful consideration especially for
breastfeeding mothers since some
antidepressants are secreted in small amounts in
milk and may cause harm to the baby.
Treatment
● Psychotherapy
○ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
○ Interpersonal Therapy
● Postpartum Support groups
○ Support groups are helpful, they can provide
useful information and ideas about how to
handle day-to-day stresses
Prevention
○ While You’re Pregnant
■ assess for signs of depression
■ Counseling, group therapy
○ After your baby is born
■ Help from friends and family
■ Nap often to stay rested
■ eat a healthy diet
■ regular exercise
 References
● Azhar, Y. (2021, June 20). Brexanolone. StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541054/
● Mughal, S. (2021, July 2). Postpartum depression. StatPearls [Internet]. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/
● WebMD. (n.d.). Postpartum depression: Can you prevent it or lower your risk? WebMD.
Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-
depression/understanding-postpartum-depression-prevention
● WebMD. (n.d.). How doctors diagnose and treat postpartum depression. medications and
treatment overview. WebMD. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from
https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/understanding-postpartum-
depression-treatment