20CEG01

Engineering Mechanics
Module III
Prepared by:
M. Sundra Pandian M.E., M.B.A.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore - 10
 Syllabus
Module 3 – Properties of Surfaces and Solids
Centroids and center of mass - Centroids of lines and
areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by
integration - T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow
section by using standard formula - Theorems of Pappus
- Area moments of inertia of plane areas - Rectangular,
circular, triangular areas by integration - T section, I
section, Angle section, Hollow section by using standard
formula - Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis
theorem - Principal moments of inertia of plane areas -
Principal axes of inertia - Mass moment of inertia - mass
moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical
solids from first principle - Relation to area moments of
inertia.
 Introduction
The attraction exerted by the earth on a rigid body
could be represented by a single force W.

This force, called the force of gravity or the weight of

the body, was to be applied at the geometric center of
the body.
The weight of the object is assumed to act at the
geometric centre of the object.
This point is called “Center of Gravity or CG” in 2D
objects and as “Centroid” in 3D objects respectvely.
 Introduction
Let us assume a 2D object as shown in the fig.

If we divide the object into ‘n’ no. of elemental

parts, each weighing W, like W1, W2, .. Wn and at
distances (x1,y1), (x2,y2), … (xn,yn), then

Total Weight, W = W1 + W2 + … + Wn = Wn

So, we assume that the weight of the object is

concentrated at this C.G.
 Introduction
Let us assume a 2D object as shown in the fig.

If we divide the object into ‘n’ no. of elemental

parts, each weighing W, like W1, W2, .. Wn and at
distances (x1,y1), (x2,y2), … (xn,yn), then

Total Weight, W = W1 + W2 + … + Wn = Wn

So, we assume that the weight of the object is

concentrated at this C.G.
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Let us assume that, C is the centre of gravity of the
Area or lamina or surface, A.
If and are the co-ordinates of the C.G of the Area,
then

= (x1*A1 + x2*A2 +…+ xn*An) / (A1 + A2 +…+ An)

i.e., = /

Similarly,
= /
 Centre of Gravity of Lamina
Shape Diagram

a
Square a/2 a/2
a

h
Rectangle b
b/2 h/2

Triangle b b/2 h/3

 Centre of Gravity of Lamina
Shape Diagram
a

h
Trapezium b/2
b

Ød
Circle d/2 d/2

d
Semicircle d/2 4r/3
 Centre of Gravity of Lamina
Shape Diagram

r
h 
Sector l/2 r

l
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of the following
lamina.

40

80

40

80
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Divide the irregular shape into no. of regular
shapes as follows.

a = 40

Rectangle
h1 =
80
A1
Square
a = 40
A2

b1 = 80
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Draw x and y axes at the bottom left of the
rectangle.

Rectangle
h1 =
80
A1
Square
a = 40
A2

(0, 0)
b1 = 40 a = 40
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Find the , & A1 for the 1st lamina.

Rectangle As per the formula

A1
= b1 / 2 = 40 / 2 = 20
mm
h1
= = h1 / 2 = 80 / 2 = 40
8
0 mm
=
4
Area 1, A1 = b1 x h1 = 40 x
0
80
(0, 0) = 20
= 3200 mm2
b1 = 40
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Find the , & A22 for the 2nd lamina.
As per the formula
= b1 + (a/ 2) = 40 + (40 / 2) = 40 + 20
= 60mm
= a / 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 mm
Area 2, A 2 = a 2 = 40 Square
2
= 1600 mm2
A2
a
= =
4 2
0 0

(0, 0) = 60

b1 = 40 a = 40
 Centroid of an Area
To find the CG
W.k.t,
= /
= {(x1 * A1) + (x2 * A2)} / (A1+A2)
= {(20 * 3200)+(60 * 1600)} / (3200 + 1600)
= (64,000 + 96000) / (4800)
= 1,60,000 / 4,800
= 33.333 mm
 Centroid of an Area
To find the CG
W.k.t,
= /
= {(y1 * A1) + (y2 * A2)} / (A1+A2)
= {(40 * 3200)+(20 * 1600)} / (3200 + 1600)
= (128,000 + 32,000) / (4800)
= 1,60,000 / 4,800
= 33.333 mm
 Centroid of an Area

40

80
C.G

33.333 40

33.333
80
Result:
So the centroid for the total lamina is at
= 33.333 mm & = 33.333 mm
 Centroid of an Area
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of the following T
100
section.

20

40

100

20
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Let us divide the section into 1 and 2.
100

20 Section 1

40

100 – 20
= 80
Section
2

20
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Let us find theand the areas of the respective
sections separately.
100
Y axis

20

𝑦1
80

1
X axis
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Let us find theand the areas of the respective
sections separately. Y axis
100

Section 1:
20

1 = 100 / 2 = 50 mm

1 = 80 + (20 / 2) 𝑦1
80
= 80 + 10 = 90 mm
Area 1, A1 = 100 X 20
X
= 2000 mm2 1
axis
 Centroid of an Area
Solution: Let us find theand the areas of the respective
sections separately.
Y axis
Section 2:
= 40 + (20 / 2)
= 40 + 10 = 50 mm
80
= 80 /2
𝑦2
= 40 mm
Area 2, A2 = 20 X 80 40 20 X
axis
= 1600 mm2 2
 Centroid of an Area
To find the CG for the T section
W.k.t,
= /
= {(x1 * A1) + (x2 * A2)} / (A1 + A2)
= {(50 * 2000)+(50 * 1600)} / (2000 + 1600)
= (1,00,000 + 80,000) / (3600)
= 1,80,000 / 3,600
= 50 mm
 Centroid of an Area
To find the To find the CG for the T section
W.k.t,
= /
= {(y1 * A1) + (y2 * A2)} / (A1+A2)
= {(90 * 2000)+(40 * 1600)} / (2000 + 1600)
= (1,80,000 + 64,000) / (3600)
= 2,44,000 / 3,600
= 67.778 mm
 Centroid of an Area
Result:
So the centroid for the total lamina is at
= 50 mm &
= 67.778 mm
 Centre of Gravity
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of a Channel section 100 mm ×
50 mm × 15 mm.

Solution: Draw the Channel section to the given

specifications.

100 15

15

50
 Centre of Gravity

Solution: Divide the channel into 3 rectangular sections.

Section 1

100 15
Section 100 – 15 – 15 = 70
2

Section 3 15

50
 Centre of Gravity

Solution: Divide the channel into 3 rectangular sections.

b1 = 50 Section 1: Rectangle
Section 1 h1 = 15 b1 = 50 mm & h1 = 15 mm
= b1/2 = 50/2 = 25 mm
= h3 + h2 + h1/2
h2 = 70
= 15 + 70 + (15/2)
= 92.5 mm
h3 = 15
Area, A1 = b1 x h1
= 50 x 15
= 750 mm2
 Centre of Gravity

Solution: Divide the channel into 3 rectangular sections.

b2 Section 2: Rectangle
=
15 b2 = 15 mm & h2 = 70 mm
= b2/2 = 15/2 = 7.5 mm
Section = h3 + h2/2
h2 = 70
2
= 15 + (70/2)
= 50 mm
h3 = 15
Area, A2 = b2 x h2
= 15 x 70
= 1050 mm2
 Centre of Gravity

Solution: Divide the channel into 3 rectangular sections.

Section 3: Rectangle
b3 = 50 mm & h3 = 15 mm
= b3/2 = 50/2 = 25 mm
= h3/2
b3 = 50 = 15/2
= 7.5 mm
Section 3 h3 = 15
Area, A3 = b3 x h3
= 50 x 15
= 750 mm2
 Centroid of an Area
To find the Centroid
W.k.t,
= /
= {(x1*A1) + (x2*A2) + (x3*A3)} / (A1 + A2 + A3)
={(25*750)+(7.5*1050)+(25*750} / (750+1050+750)
= (18,750 + 7875+ 18,750) / (2550)
= 17.794 mm
 Centroid of an Area
To find the Centroid
W.k.t,
= /
= {(y1*A1) + (y2*A2) + (y3*A3)} / (A1 + A2 + A3)
={(92.5*750)+(50*1050)+(7.5*750}/ (750+1050+750)
= (69,375 + 52,500 + 5,625) / (2550)
= 1,27,500 / 2550
= 50 mm
Note: Since the channel is symmetrical abou x-axis,
should lie in the centre along the width, i.e., total height
100 mm / 2 = 50 mm.
 Centroid of an Area
Result:
So the centroid for the total lamina is at
= 17.794 mm &
= 50 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of the ‘I’ section as
shown. 150

50

50
300

100

300
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of the ‘I’ section as
shown. 150

50 Section 1

Section 2
50
300

100 Section 3

300
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Solution: Divide the I section as shown.
Section 1:
150 = b1/2 = 300/2 = 150mm
-75
=
75
= h1/2 = 100/2 = 50 mm
b3= 150 A1 = b1 x h1 = 300 x 100

h3= = 30,000 mm2

Section 3
50

Section 2:
Section 2

150-25
=125 b2=50 = 125 + (b2/2)
h2=
300 = 125 + (50/2) = 150mm
= h1 + (h2/2)
h1= Section 1 = 100 + (300/2) = 250 mm
100
A2 = b2 x h2 = 50 x 300
b1=300
= 15,000 mm2
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Solution: Divide the I section as shown.

150
-75 Section 3:
=
75 = 75 + (b3/2)
b3= 150
= 75 + (150/2) = 150mm
h3= Section 3
50 = h1 + h2 + (h3/2)
= 100 + 300 + (50/2)
Section 2

150-25
=125 b2=50
h2=
300
= 425 mm
A3 = b3 x h3 = 150 x 50
h1= Section 1 = 7,500 mm2
100
b1=300
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
To find the C.G
W.k.t, the given I section is symmetrical about y axis.
So the will lie in the middle
i.e., at the half of total length
i.e., At 300 / 2
= 150 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
To find the C.G
W.k.t,
= /
= {(y1*A1) + (y2*A2) + (y3*A3)} / (A1 + A2 + A3)
= {(50*30,000) + (250*15,000) + (425*7,500}
/ (30,000 + 15,000 + 7,500)
= (15,00,000 + 37,50,000 + 31,87,500) / (52,500)
= 1,27,500 / 52,500
= 160.714 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Result:
So the C.G for the ‘I’ section is at
= 150 mm &
= 160.714 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Exercise: Find the centre of gravity of the cut section as
shown.

Note: Since the semicircle is cut out of trapezium, the

 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Solution:
Note: Since the semicircle is cut out of trapezium, the

50
 Centre of Gravity of an Area

Section 1: Trapezium ABCD

= b/2 = 300 / 2 = 150 mm
= = (120/3) (300+2*200)/(300+200)
= (120/3) * {(300+400)/500}
= 40 * 700 / 500 = 40 * 7 / 5 = 56 mm
A1 = ½ * (a+b) * h
= 0.5 * (300+200) * 120
50
= 0.5 * 500 * 120
= 30,000 mm2
 Centre of Gravity of an Area

Section 2: Semicircle EFH

= 60 + r = 60 + 90 = 150 mm
= 4r/3 = (4 x 90) / (3 x 3.142)
= 360 / 9.426 mm
= 38.192 mm
A2 = ½ r 2
= 0.5 x 3.142 x (902)
= 0.5 x 3.142 x 8,100 = 12,725.1 mm2

60
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
To find the C.G
= /
= {(x1*A1) - (x2*A2)} / (A1 - A2)
= {(150 * 30,000) – (150 * 12,725.1)}
/ (30000 – 12725.1)
= (4500000 – 1908765) / 17274.9
= 150 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
To find the C.G
W.k.t,
= /
= {(y1*A1) - (y2*A2)} / (A1 - A2)
= {(56 * 30,000) - (38.192 * 12,725.1)}
/ (30,000 – 12,725.1)
= (16,80,000 – 4,85,997.020) / 17,274.9
= 11,94,002.98 / 17,274.9
= 69.118 mm
 Centre of Gravity of an Area
Result:
So the C.G for the section is at
= 150 mm &
= 69.118 mm
 Theorem of Pappus -Guldinus
This theorem deal with surfaces and bodies of
revolution.

Surface of revolution:
A surface of revolution is a surface which can be
generated by rotating a plane curve about a fixed axis.

Body of revolution:
It is a body which can be generated by rotating a plane
area about a fixed axis.
 Theorem 1 of Pappus -Guldinus
The theorem states that “The area of a surface of
revolution is equal to the length of the generating curve
times the distance traveled by the centroid of the curve
while the surface is being generated”.
 Theorem 1 of Pappus -Guldinus
If ‘dL’ is the length of a curve revolving around x
axis, ‘’ the vertical centroid distance of the curve from
the x-axis and 2 is the total revolution, then
dA = dL * 2y
Upon Integration

A =

A = 2
 Theorem 2 of Pappus -Guldinus
The theorem states that “The volume of a body of
revolution is equal to the generating area times the
distance traveled by the centroid of the area while the
body is being generated.”.
 Theorem 2 of Pappus -Guldinus
If ‘A’ is the generating area, ‘’ the vertical centroid
distance of the curve from the x-axis and 2 is the total
revolution, then
dV = dA * 2y
Upon Integration

V =

V = 2
Centroids of common shapes
Centroids of common shapes
 Moment of Inertia
Consider a plane lamina as shown in fig. It is divided
into no. of smaller areas, of which we choose a strip of
area, da and its respective centroids at distance, x and y.

Then, the moment of inertia,

M.O.I. of the strip is given as
I XX = da * y2
So, MOI for the total area
I XX =  da * y2

I YY =  da * x2
 Moment of Inertia
Consider a plane lamina as shown in fig. It is divided
into no. of smaller areas, of which we choose a strip of
area, da and its respective centroids at distance, x and y.
Then, the moment of inertia,
M.O.I. of the strip is given as
I XX = da * x2
So, MOI for the total area
I YY =  (da * x2) mm4

I XX =  (da * y2) mm4

I = Area × (Distance)2
 Moment of Inertia

The formula is given for IXX.

 Parallel Axis Theorem
It states, that if the moment of inertia of a plane
area about an axis through its centre of gravity is
denoted by IG, then moment of inertia of the area
about any other axis AB, parallel to the first, and at a
distance h from the centre of gravity is given by:
IAB = IG + ah2
where
IAB = Moment of inertia of the area about an axis
AB,
lG = Moment of Inertia of the area about its centre
of gravity
a = Area of the section, and
h = Distance between centre of gravity of the
section and axis AB.
 Parallel Axis Theorem
Let us consider a strip of a circle, whose moment of
inertia is required to be found out about a line AB.
Let δa = Area of the strip, y = Distance of the strip
from the centre of gravity the section and h = Distance
between centre of gravity of the section and the axis AB.
W.k.t.,I G = da * y2
I G =  da * y2
I AB =  da * (y + h)2
=  da*y2 +  da*h2
+  da* 2yh

= I G + ah2 + 0
I AB = I G + ah2
Note:  da* 2yh = a
= Distance between centroid of the strip and axis AB, which is Zero.
 Perpendicular Axis Theorem
It states, If IXX and IYY be the moments of inertia of a
plane section about two perpendicular axis meeting at O,
the moment of inertia IZZ about the axis Z-Z,
perpendicular to the plane and passing through the
intersection of X-X and Y-Y is given by:

IZZ = IXX + IYY

 Perpendicular Axis Theorem
Let us consider a small lamina, P of area ‘da’ having
co-ordinates as x and y along OX and OY two mutually
perpendicular axes on a plane section.
Now consider a plane OZ perpendicular to OX and OY.
Let ‘r’ be the distance of the lamina P from Z-Z axis
such that OP = r.
From the dia.
W.k.t., r2 = x2 + y2
I YY = da * x2
I XX = da * y2
I ZZ = da * r2
I ZZ = da * (x2 + y2)
I ZZ = (da * x2) + (da * y2)
I ZZ = I XX + I YY
 Moment of Area
Exercise: Find the moment of inertia of a hollow
rectangular section about its centre of gravity, if the
external dimensions are 40 mm deep and 30 mm wide
and internal dimensions are 25mm deep and 15 mm wide.

Solution: Draw the lamina with the given dimensions.

Section 1

40 Section 2 25

15
30
 Moment of Area
Solution: Section 1

Section 1:
a1 = b1 x d1 d1
= h1
40 =
= 30 x 40 = 1200 mm2 20

W.k.t,
b1 = 30
IXX 1 = I G 1 + a1 * h1 mm
2 4

= (b1d13 / 12) + (1200 * 202)

= (30 * 403 / 12) + (1200 * 400)
= 1,60,000 + 4,80,000
= 6,40,000 mm4
 Moment of Area
Solution:
Section 2:
a2 = 15 x 25 = 375 mm2 d2
= h2
Section 2

25 =
W.k.t, 20

IXX 2 = I G 2 + a2 * h 2
2
mm 4

b2 = 15
= (b2d23 / 12) + (375 * 202)
= (15 * 253 / 12) + (375 * 400)
= 19,531.25 + 1,50,000
= 1,69,531.25 mm4
 Moment of Area
Solution:
Total Hollow rectangular section:
40 25
IXX = IXX 1 - IXX 2
= 6,40,000 - 1,69,531.25
= 4,70,468.75 mm4
15
30
 Moment of Area
Solution:
Total Hollow rectangular section:
IXX = IXX 1 + IXX 2 d2 Section 2
= h2
= 6,40,000 + 1,69,531.25 25 =
20

= 8,09,531.25 mm4
= 8,09,531.25 (10-3 m)4 b2 = 15

= 8,09,531.25 x 10-12 m4
= 0.810 x 10-6 m4
= 0.810 x m4
Result:
IXX
 Moment of Area
Exercise:
Using the theorems of Pappus - Guldinus, determine
a) the centroid of a semicircular area,
b) the centroid of a semicircular arc.
Solution:
W.k.t.,
If a semi-circular arc is revolved about a central axis,
then we will have a hollow spherical area.
Similarly, if a semicircular area is revolved around its
diameter, a full or solid sphere is generated.
 Moment of Area
Solution:
a) Centroid of Semicircular area:
Using Pappus - Guldnius theorem 2,
The volume, V = 2 * * A
i.e., = V / 2A
W.k.t., For sphere Volume = r3 &
Area of semicircle = r2 mm2
\ = r3 / 2*(r2)
\ Semicircle = 4r/3 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution:
b) Centroid of Semicircular arc:
So, Using Pappus - Guldnius theorem 1,
The surface area, A = 2 * * L
i.e., = A / 2L
W.k.t., Surface Area of hollow sphere = 4r2 mm2
\ = 4r2 / 2L
w.k.t, Sector length, L = r (Circumefernce 2r / 2)
i.e., = 4r2 / 2(r)
Hemisphere’s = 2r/ mm
 Moment of Area
Result:
a) Centroid of semicircular area, = 4r/3 mm
b) Centroid of semicircular arc, = 2r/ mm
 Moment of Area
Exercise: An I-section is made up of three rectangles as
shown in fig. Find the moment of inertia of the section
about the horizontal axis passing through the centre of
gravity of the section.
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the of the each section.

Section 1:
A1 = 60 x 20 = 1200 mm2
y1 = 20+100+(20/2) = 130 mm
Section 2:
A2 = 20 x 100 = 2000 mm2
y2 = 20 + (100/2) = 70 mm
Section 3:
A3 = 100 x 20 = 2000 mm2
y3 = 20/2 = 10 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the of the I section.

W.k.t., /
= {(y1*A1) + (y2*A2) + (y3*A3)} / (A1 + A2 + A3)
= {(130*1200) + (70*2000) + (10*2000)}
/ (1200 + 2000 + 2000)
= (156,000 + 140,000 + 20,000) / 5200
= 316,000/5200
= 60.770 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the I G & h of the I section.
Section 1:
IG 1 = b1d13/12 = 60*203/12
= 40,000 mm4
h1 = y1 - = 130 – 60.77
= 69.23 mm
Section 2:
IG 2 = b2d23/12 = 20*1003/12
= 16,66,666.67 mm4
= h2 = y2 - = 70 – 60.77
60.77
= 9.23 mm
Section 3:
IG 3 = b3d33/12 = 100*203/12
= 66,666.67 mm4
h3 = y3 - = 10 – 60.77
= - 50.77 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the I XX of sections. Section 1:
IXX 1 = IG1 + a1h12
= 40,000+(1200*69.232)

= 5.791x 106 mm4

Section 2:
IXX 2 = IG2 + a2h22
=
60.77
= 16,66,666.67+(2000*9.232)

= 1.837 x 106 mm4

Section 3:
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the I XX of the I section.
IXX = IXX 1 + IXX 2 + IXX 3
= 5.791 x 106 + 1.837 x 106 + 5.222 x 106 mm4
IXX = 12.850 x 106 mm4

Solution:

The Moment of Inertia for the given I section is

IXX = 12.850 x 106 mm4

 Moment of Area
Exercise: Determine the moment of inertia of the section
about X-X axis passing through its centre of gravity and
the base BC.
 Moment of Area
Exercise: We can divide the section as two sections, a
triangle and a rectangle.
Triangle:
a1 = b1 * h1 = 0.5*100*90
= 4500 mm2
y1 = h/3 = 90/3 = 30 mm
Rectangle:
a2 = b2 * h2 = 20 x 30
= 600 mm2
y2 = 30 + (30/2)
= 30 + 15
= 45 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the of the I section.

W.k.t., /
= {(y1 * a1) - (y2 * a2)} / (a1 - a2)
= {(30 * 4500) - (45 * 600)}
/ (4500 - 600)
= (135000 – 27000) / 3900
= 108000 / 3900
= 27.7 mm
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the IG and h about centroidal axis
Triangle:
IG1 = b1h13/36 = 100*903 /36
= 2.025 x 106 mm4
h1 = y1 - = 30 – 27.7
= 2.3 mm
Rectangle:
IG2 = b2h23/12 = 20*303 / 12
= 45,000 mm4
h2 = y2 - = 45 – 27.7
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the IXX about centroid.
Triangle:
IXX1 = IG1 + a1*h12
= 2.025 x 106 + (4500 * 2.32)
= 2.049 x 106 mm4
Rectangle:
IXX2 = IG2 + a2*h22
= 45,000 + (600 * 17.32)
= 0.225 x 106 mm4
IXX = IXX1 - IXX2 = 2.049 x 106 - 0.225 x 106
= 1.824 x 106 mm4
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the Moment of Inertia about base BC.
Triangle:
IG1 = b1h13/12 = 100*903 /12
= 6.075 x 106 mm4
h1 = d1/3 = 90/3 = 30 mm
IBC1 = IG1 + a1 * h12 =
Rectangle:
IG2 = b2d23/12 = 20*303 / 12 = 45,000 mm4
h2 = 30 + (30/2) = 45 mm
IBC2 = IG2 + a2 * h22 = 45000 + (600 * 452)
6 4
 Moment of Area
Solution: Find the Moment of Inertia about base BC, IBC
I BC = IBC1 - IBC2
= …… x 106 - 1.260 x 106
= ……… x 106 mm4
 Moment of Inertia of Plane Area
Moment of inertia of an area about an axis is nothing
but second moment of area about the desired axis.
Consider a plane area, whose moment of inertia is
required to be found out.
Split up the whole area into a number of small
elements.
Let a1, a2, a3 ..... = Areas of small elements and
r1, r2, r3 .... = Distance of the elements from the line
about which the moment of intertia is required to be
found out.
Now the moment of inertial of the area,
I = a1 r12 + a2 r22 + a3 r32 + ......
I = ar2
 Principal Moment of Inertia
Principal Axes
The axes about which the MOI’s, Ixx and Iyy are
maximum and minimum, are known as Principal Axes.
or
The axis at which the Polar Moment of Inertia, POI is
Zero is called the Principal Axis.
Ixx = bd3/12 = 40 * 603 / 12
y = 720,000 mm4 (Max.)

Iyy = db3/12 = 60 * 403 / 12

= 320,000 mm4 (Min.)
60 G
x
Product of Inertia
I xy = 0
40
 Principal Moment of Inertia
Principal Axes
The corresponding angle, m is calculated as

=
 Polar Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia of an area of plane figure with
respect to an axis perpendicular to the x-y plane and
passing through a pole O (z -axis) is called the polar
moment of inetia.it is denoted by the letter J.
J = *r2
i.e., J = IXX + IYY
 Radius of Gyration
The Radius of gyration of an area is defined as the
distance from a reference axis whose area is considered to
be concentrated such that these is no change in the
moment of inertia about the reference axis.
If the entire area A is concentrated at a distance k
from a reference axis, then the moment of inertia, I, of
the entire area about the reference axis is taken as Ak2.
IX = A * KX2

i.e., KX = mm
First & Second Moment of Inertia
First Moment of Inertia:
Ix = mm2
Second Moment of Inertia
I XX = mm4
 Product of Moment of Inertia
The product of inertia of an area A is Ixy and showed
that I xy = 0 if the area A is symmetrical with respect to
either or both of the coordinate axes.
The product of inertia of an area A is
I xy = x’y’ + A

where x’y’ (IG) is the product of inertia of the area with

respect to the centroidal axes x’ and y’ which are parallel
to the x and y axis and
x and y are the coordinates of the centroid of the area.
Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Exercise: A steel forging consists of a 6 x 2 x 2 inch
rectangular prism and two cylinders of diameter 2 inches
and length 3 inches as shown. Determine the moments of
inertia of the forging with respect to the coordinate axes,
knowing that the specific weight of steel is 490 lb/ft3.
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Redraw the forging with the axes.
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the masses of the prism and cylinders.
Prism:
Volume, V = l x b x h
= 2” x 2” x 6”
V = 24 in3
= 24 (1/12 ft)3
= 24 / 1728 ft3
= 0.014 ft3

W.k.t., Specific Weight,W = Weight / Volume

Weight, W = Sp. Weight x Volume
= 490 lbs/ft3 x 0.014 ft3
= 6.86 lbs
W.k.t., W = m.g
mp = w/g = 6.86 lbs. / 9.81 m/s2
= 6.86 lbs. / (9.81 x 3.281 ft/s2)
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the masses of the prism and cylinders.
Cylinder:
Volume, V =  r2 l
=  x (1”)2 x 3”
V = 9.426 in3
= 9.426 (1/12 ft)3
= 9.426 / 1728 ft3
= 0.006 ft3

W.k.t., Specific Weight,W = Weight / Volume

Weight, W = Sp. Weight x Volume
= 490 lbs/ft3 x 0.006 ft3
= 2.94 lbs
W.k.t., W = m.g
mc = w/g = 2.94 lbs. / 9.81 m/s2
= 2.94 lbs. / (9.81 x 3.281) ft/s2
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the MOIs Ix, Iy & Iz for the prism and
cylinders.
Prism:
W.k.t., Ix = m (b2 + c2)
= x 0.213 x {(6/12)2 + (2/12)2})
= x 0.213 x {0.52 + 0.1332}
= ……
W.k.t., Iy = m (a2 + c2)
= x 0.213 x {(2/12)2 + (2/12)2})
= x 0.213 x {0.1332 + 0.1332}
= ……
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the MOIs Ix, Iy & Iz for the prism and
cylinders.
Prism:
W.k.t., Iz = m (a2 + b2)
= x 0.213 x {(2/12)2 + (6/12)2})
= x 0.213 x {0.1332 + 0.52}
= ……
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the MOIs Ix, Iy & Iz for the prism and
cylinders.
Cylinder:
W.k.t., Ix = r2
= x 0.091 x (1/12)2
= x 0.091 x 0.0832
= ……
W.k.t., Iy = Iz = m (3r2 + L2)
= x 0.091 x {3x (1/12)2 + (3/12)2})
= x 0.091 x {3x0.0832 + 0.252}
= ……
 Moment of Inertia of 3D Shapes
Solution: Find the MOIs Ix, Iy & Iz for entire
body.
Entire body:
W.k.t., Ix = Ix-P + (2 x Ix-C)
=
= ……
W.k.t., Iy = Iy-P + (2 x Iy-C)
=
= ……
W.k.t., Iz = Iz-P + (2 x Iz-C)
=
= ……
 Syllabus
Module 3 – Properties of Surfaces and Solids
Centroids and center of mass - Centroids of lines and
areas - Rectangular, circular, triangular areas by
integration - T section, I section, - Angle section, Hollow
section by using standard formula - Theorems of Pappus
- Area moments of inertia of plane areas - Rectangular,
circular, triangular areas by integration - T section, I
section, Angle section, Hollow section by using standard
formula - Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis
theorem - Principal moments of inertia of plane areas -
Principal axes of inertia - Mass moment of inertia - mass
moment of inertia for prismatic, cylindrical and spherical
solids from first principle - Relation to area moments of
inertia.