CLASSIFICATION OF

MATTER
 Matter
No Can it be separated by
Yes
physical process?

Pure substance Mixture

Yes Is it uniform No
Can it be throughout?
No decomposed by
Yes
chemical
process? Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Element Compound
 INTRODUCTION
⮚ Matter: ☞ Anything that occupy space and has mass
☞ made up of very tiny units calls atoms

⮚ Substance: a form of matter with a definite composition and

distinct properties

⮚ Element: ☞ a substance made up of one type of atoms

⮚Compound: ☞substance formed by the combination of 2 or

more different elements
☞ definite and constant composition
■ Atom: smallest particle in substance

■ Molecule: The smallest uncharged individual unit of compound

formed by the union of two or more atoms.

■ Ion: An atom or molecule that has acquired a charge by either

gaining or losing electrons.
❑ Cation : positive charge
❑ Anion : negative charge
■ Molecular compounds: are made of molecules
❑ each molecule has the same element composition and
properties as the compound (H2O, CO2, C8H18)

■ Ionic compounds: are made of cations and anions

❑ cations combine with anions in just the right numbers to
give an electrically neutral compound (NaCl, CuCl2)

■ Mixture: combination of two or more substances in which the

substances retain their distinct identities.
atom A

atom B
element

molecule A

molecule B

molecule AB compound
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound or
a mixture:

element element

compound mixture

mixture mixture
Homogeneous mixture:
■ the mixing is uniform.
■ have a constant composition throughout.
■ Homogeneous mixture are called solution

⮚ gaseous solution (e.g: pure air)

⮚ liquid solution (e.g: syrup)
⮚ solid solution (e.g: steel, bronze) alloy
Heterogeneous mixture
▪ the mixing is not uniform.
▪ have regions of different composition.
▪ consist of two or more physically distinct phases
▪ eg: concrete (a mixture of cement, gravel, sand)
 Exercise
Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture:
a) Sulfur dioxide gas
⇨ compound
b) Chlorine gas
⇨ element
c) CuSO4 aqueous
⇨ homogeneous mixture
d) Tomato juice
⇨ heterogeneous mixture
e) Brass plate
⇨ homogeneous mixture
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
■ Chemical properties: the ability of a substance to form new
substances, either by reaction with other substances or by
decomposition.
⮚ E.g: rusting, combustion, decomposition

■ Chemical change: the formation of a new substance with a

different composition and properties than the initial substance.
■ Physical properties: a characteristic of a substance that can be
measured and observed without changing the composition or
identity of a substance.
⮚ E.g: taste, odour, colour, temperature (melting/boiling
points), density.
■ Physical change: a change in which the physical appearance of
a substance changes but the chemical composition stays the
same.
■ Intensive properties: properties that do not depend on the
amount of the sample.
⮚ E.g: temperature (melting/boiling points), density.

■ Extensive properties: relate to the amount of substance

present.
⮚ E.g: mass, volume.
Classify the following as physical or chemical properties of water

physical property: density can be

a) density = 1.00 g/mL
measured without changing a
substance to anything else
b) release hydrogen gas when chemical property: hydrogen
reacted with sodium metal gas is a new compound
formed from water

c) forms ice at 0°C physical property: freezing is

just changing the physical state

d) Water is formed when wood is burned chemical

property
Does the following describe a physical change or a
chemical change?
a) Evaporation of water
⇨ physical change (changes of state)
b) Hydrogen burns in air
⇨ chemical change (H2 converted to H2O)
c) A piece of sliced apple turn brown
⇨ chemical change
■ State the following process as a physical (P) or chemical change (C).

Melting gold to make jewellery ( )

 
Hydrogen burns in chlorine gas ( )
 
A piece of paper burns in air with a smoky flame.( )
 
The milk in the box left on the table becomes sour after a few days. ( )
 
The gas was collected in a flask and cooled until it eventually became a liquid. ( )
 STATES OF MATTER
■ Solid: molecules are held close together in an orderly structure
with little freedom of motion.
■ Liquid: molecules are close together but are not held so rigidly
in position and can move past one another.
■ Gas: molecules are separated by distances that are large
compared with the size of the molecules, thus they are much
farther apart and move freely of each other.

solid liquid gas

 Water Molecule

Solid Liquid Vapor

0°C 0oC - 100°C 100°C
■ Kinetic Molecular Theory: matter consist of particles called
molecule in constant movement colliding with each other.

■ Heat given, matter will change states from solid to liquid to gas

■ Each state will differ

❑ particle arrangement
❑ amount of kinetic energy
❑ difficulty to compress
❑ attractive forces between the particles
❑ movement of particles
 Process of Changes in State of Matter

GAS

Vaporization Condensation

LIQUID Sublimation Deposition

Melting Freezing
(Fusion)

SOLID
 Heating Curve of Ice
Temperature (oC)

steam
△Hvap
100°C
boiling point
water steam
water vaporization
△Hfus
(0°C) (liquid and vapor in equilibrium)
melting point Ice water
Melting
ice (solid and liquid in equilibrium)

-25°C time
 Cooling Curve of Steam

Temperature (oC)
105°C
steam steam water
condensation

100°C
boiling point
water water ice
freezing
(0°C)
melting point
Super cooling ice

time
 Super Cooling

■ Cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without

forming the solid

■ Occur when heat is removed from liquid so rapidly that

the molecules have no time to assume the ordered
structure of a solid

■ unstable
 Phase Diagram of Water
solid liquid

critical point

0.006
atm
Triple point

Vapor

0.01 oC
■ A diagram showing the conditions at which a substance
exists as a solid, liquid and vapor

■ Each solid line between two phases specifies the

conditions of P and T under which the two phases can
exist in equilibrium

■ Triple point:
☞ the point at which all three phases can exist in
equilibrium
☞ 0.006 atm, 0.01 oC
 Critical Point:
■ Critical Pressure
☞ the minimum P that must be applied to bring about
liquefaction at the critical T. (Pc of water = 219.5 atm)

■ Critical Tempt.
☞ the highest T at which a substance can exist as a
liquid. (Tc of water =374.4 oC)
☞ above Tc, vapor phase cannot be made to liquefy (OR
 never be liquefied), no matter how great the applied
pressure
Question 1
Which is an example of a physical change?

A.  *Steam from the boiling water condenses on the cooler part of the
ceiling.
B. The crude metal ore was first heated then combined with pure
oxygen gas to make the oxide of the metal.
C. A piece of paper burns in air with a smoky flame.
D. The table salt in the warehouse was used to make some of the
polymeric material.
Question 2
Which is an example of a chemical change?

A.  Steam from the boiling water condenses on the ceiling.

B. The solid metal is heated until it melts.
C. The gas is cooled until it finally becomes a liquid.
D. *A piece of paper burns in air with a smoky flame.
Question 3

Which is an example of both a physical and a chemical change?

 
A. The milk in the carton became frozen because the carton was
accidentally placed in the freezing compartment overnight.
B. The bit of scrap metal was removed to the junkyard after being
crushed by the heavy machine.
C. The old parchment became dry when it was placed in the warm
oven for ten minutes.
D. *Bubbles were seen on the egg shell soon after a sample of the
vinegar was poured on it.
Question 4

In the process of attempting to characterize a

substance, a chemist makes the following observation:
‘the substance is a silvery white metal. It melts at 649
o
C and boils at 1105 oC. The substance burns in air,
producing an intense white light. It react with chlorine to
give a brittle white solid.’
Which of these characteristics are physical properties
and which are chemical properties?