The Measures of

Central Tendency
(3rd Quarter Lesson – Week 1- Module 1)
Objectives:
 To illustrate the measures of central
tendency (mean, median, and mode) of a
statistical data.

 To calculate the measures of central

tendency of ungrouped and grouped data.
 Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped data
The Mean:
 The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean) is the most commonly
used measure of central tendency. It is used to describe a set of data
where the measures cluster or concentrate at a point. As the measures
cluster around each other, a single value appears to represent distinctively
the typical value.
 It is the sum of measures x divided by the number N of measures in a
variable.
 It is symbolized as 𝑥̅ (read as x bar). To find the mean of an ungrouped
data, use the formula

where Σx = the summation of x (sum of the measures) and N = number of values of x.

 The Mean:
Example: The grades in Geometry of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85,
86, 90, 79, 82, 78, 76. What is the average grade of the 10
students?
Solution: Using the Mean formula ,

Hence, the average grade of the 10 students is 83.2.

Take note of how the mean is affected by extreme values. Very high or very low
values can easily change the value of the mean.
 Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped data

The Median:

The middle value here or term in a set of data arranged

according to size/magnitude (either increasing or decreasing)
is called the median.
The Median:
Example: The library logbook shows that 58, 60, 54, 35, and 97
books, respectively, were borrowed from Monday to Friday
last week. Find the median.
Solution:

a. Arrange the data in increasing order.

35, 54, 58, 60, 97

b. We can see from the arranged numbers that the middle value is 58.

Hence, the median is 58.

The Median:
Example:
Andrea’s scores in 10 quizzes during the first quarter are 8,
7, 6, 10, 9, 5, 9, 6, 10, and 7. Find the median.
Solution:
a. Arrange the data in increasing order.
5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10

b. Sincethe number of measures is even, then the median is the average

of the two middle scores.

Hence, the median is 7.5.

Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped data

The Mode:
 The mode is the measure or value which occurs most frequently in a
set of data. It is the value/data with the greatest frequency.

 To find the mode for a set of data:

1. Select the measure that appears most often in the set;
2. If two or more measures appear the same number of times,
then each of these values is a mode; and
3. If every measure appears the same number of times, then the
set of data has no mode.
The Mode:
Example: Find the mode in the given sets of scores.
a. {10, 12, 9, 10, 13, 11, 10}
b. {15, 20, 18, 19, 18, 16, 20, 18}
c. {5, 8, 7, 9, 6, 8, 5}
d. {7, 10, 8, 5, 9, 6, 4}
e. {12, 16, 14, 15, 16, 13, 14}

Answers: a. 10
b. 18
c. 8 and 5
d. No mode
e. 14 and 16
Measures of Central Tendency for GROUPED DATA

Mean for Grouped Data:

 When the number of items in a set of data is too big, items are
grouped for convenience. To find the mean of grouped data using
class marks, the following formula can be used:

where: f is the frequency of each class

X is the class mark of class
 The Mean for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Calculate the mean of the Mid-year Test scores of Students in Filipino.

Mid-year Test Scores of Students in Filipino

 The Mean for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example Continued:
Solutions:

Therefore, the mean of Mid-year test is 30.

 The Mean for Grouped Data:
There is an alternative formula for computing the mean of grouped data and this
makes use of coded deviation

Any class mark can be considered as the assumed mean. But it is convenient to choose the class
mark with the highest frequency to facilitate computation. The class chosen to contain as the
A.M. has no deviation from itself and so 0 is assigned to it.

Subsequently, similar on a number line or Cartesian coordinate system, consecutive positive

integers are assigned to the classes upward and negative integers to the classes downward. Let
us find the mean of the given illustrative example about the Mid-year test scores of Students in
Filipino using coded deviation.
The Mean for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example :Using Coded - Deviation
Solutions:

Therefore, the mean of Mid-year test is 30.

Measures of Central Tendency for GROUPED DATA
Median for Grouped Data:
 The median is the middle value in a set of quantities. It separates an ordered
set of data into two equal parts. Half of the quantities is located above the
median and the other half is found below it.
 In computing for the median of grouped data, the following formula is used:

where: lbmc is the lower boundary of the median class;

f is the frequency of each class;
<cf is the cumulative frequency of the lower class next to the median class;
Fmc is the frequency of the median class; and
i is the class interval.
 The Median for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Calculate the median of the Mid-year Test scores of Students in Filipino.

Mid-year Test Scores of Students in Filipino

 The Median for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Solutions:
 The Median for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example continued:
Solutions:

Therefore, the median of Mid-year test is 29.43.

Measures of Central Tendency for GROUPED DATA
Mode for Grouped Data:
 The mode of grouped data can be approximated using the following
formula:

where: lbmo is the lower boundary of the modal class;

D1 is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the
next upper class;
D2 is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the next
lower class; and i is the class interval.

 The modal class is the class with the highest frequency.

 The Mode for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Calculate the mode of the Mid-year Test scores of Students in Filipino.

Mid-year Test Scores of Students in Filipino

 The Mode for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Solutions:

Since class 26-30 has the highest frequency, therefore the modal class is
26-30.
Lbmo = 25.5, D1 = 14 – 8 = 6, D2 = 14 – 7 = 7, i = 5
 The Mode for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example continued:
Solutions: Since class 26-30 has the highest frequency, therefore the modal class is 26-30.
Lbmo = 25.5, D1 = 14 – 8 = 6, D2 = 14 – 7 = 7, i = 5

Therefore, the mode of Mid-year test is 27.81.

If there are two or more classes having the same highest frequency, the
formula to be used is: Mode = 3(Median) − 2(Mean)
 The Mode for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example:
Height of Nursing Students in Our Lady of Piat College
Height(cm) Frequency <cf
170-174 8 50
165-169 10 42
160-164 11 32
155-159 11 21
150-154 10 10

(Note: The given data has two classes with the highest frequency;
therefore, the first formula in solving the mode is not applicable.)
 The Mode for Grouped Data:
Illustrative Example continued:
Solutions:
 The Mode for Grouped Data:

Solutions continued:

d. Mode
Mode = 3(Median) − 2(Mean)
Mode = 3(161.32) − 2(161.5)
Mode = 483.96 – 323
Mode = 160.36
Therefore, the mode of the given data is 160.36.
Thank you