UNIT – 5 LECTURE :-1

THREADED JOINTS
&
WELDED JOINTS
 SYLLABUS
THREADED JOINTS:----

Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform strength,

I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under tension, Eccentrically
loaded bolted joint in shear, Eccentric load perpendicular and
parallel to axis of bolt, Eccentric load on circular base. Design
of Turn Buckle.
 SYLLABUS

THREADED JOINTS:-
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform strength,
I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under tension, Eccentrically
loaded bolted joint in shear, Eccentric load perpendicular and
parallel to axis of bolt, Eccentric load on circular base. Design
of Turn Buckle.

WELDED JOINTS:-
Welding symbols, Stresses in butt and fillet welds, Strength of
butt, parallel and transverse fillet welds, Axially loaded
unsymmetrical welded joints, Eccentric load in plane of welds,
Welded joints subjected to bending and torsional moments
(10Hrs.)
 DEFINATION

Threaded joints are used to hold two or more machine parts

together. These parts can be dismantled, if required, without
any damage to machine parts or fastening.
 PARTS OF A THREADED FASTENING

 There are three parts of a threaded fastening, viz., a bolt or

screw, a nut and a washer.

Functions of washer:-
(i) it distributes the load over a large area on the surface of
clamped parts.
(iii) It prevents marring of the bolt head and nut surface during
assembly.
(iv) It provides bearing surface over large clearance holes.
 ADVANTAGES OF THREADED JOINTS

 Threaded joints are ‘reliable’ joints.

 High Mechanical advantage
 Compact construction.
 Self-locking..
 Economical to manufacture..
 Detachable as and when required.
 Threaded fasteners are standardized`
 DISADVANTAGES OF THREADED
JOINTS

 Fatigue failure.
 Threaded joints loosen when subjected to vibrations.
 Threaded fasteners are considered as a major obstacle for
efficient assembly
 BASIC TYPES OF SCREW FASTENING

Through Bolts Tap Bolts Stud

 CAP SCREWS

 Cap screws belong to the category of tap bolts. Cap screws differ
from tap bolt in the following respects:
(i) Cap screws are small compared with tap bolt.
ii) Wide variety of shapes are available for the head of cap screw.

On the other hand, tap bolt has hexagonal or square head.

 SETSCREWS

 Setscrew is used to prevent relative motion between two parts.

The threaded portion of the setscrew passes through a tapped
hole in one of the parts and the end of the screw presses against
the other part. The end of the screw is called the point of the
screw.

 The friction between the point and the part to be held prevents
relative motion of that part with respect to the part through
which the setscrew is screwed.
 TERMINOLOGY OF SCREW THREADS

EXTERNAL THREADING INTERNAL THREADING

 BOLTS OF UNIFORM STRENGTH

 It can be shown that the energy absorbed during elastic

deformation is proportional to the square of the stress induced
in the material and the volume of the material under stress.

There are two ways to reduce the cross-sectional area of the shank
and convert an ordinary bolt into bolt of uniform strength.
• One method is to reduce the diameter of the shank
• In another method, the cross-sectional area of the shank is
reduced by drilling a hole
 MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE

 They are made of plain carbon steels like 40C8 or 45C8 or alloy
steels like 35Mn6Mo3, 4OCr4Mo2, 4ONi 14 or 4ONi 1 OCr3Mo6.
Stainless steel is used for threaded fastener where corrosion
resistance is required.

 The head of the bolt or screw is made by the upsetting process.

This is done on automatic forging machines, which give finished
shape with practically no scrap. The head is cold formed for
diameters up to 20 mm. For larger diameters, hot forming is
employed.

 There are two methods for making threads, viz.,

1. Thread cutting and 2. Thread rolling.
 UNIT – 5 LECTURE :-2

THREADED JOINTS
 DESIGN OF BOLT
 The design of the bolt consists of determination of correct size
of the bolt. The size of the bolt is given by the nominal diameter
d and pitch p
dc = d - 1.226 87P

 Since there are two unknowns on the right hand side, it is not
possible to find out the value of d by knowing the value of de-
Therefore, the following approximate relationship can be used,
dc= 0.8d
 EXAMPLE

An electric motor weighing 10  Given:-

kN is lifted by means of an eye P =10 KN, Syt = 400 N/mm2 FOS = 6
 ANS:-
bolt as shown in Fig. The eye
bolt is screwed into the frame
 = 400/6=66.6 N/mm2
of the motor. The eye bolt has
coarse threads. It is made of
plain carbon steel 30Syt = 400  , dc=13.82mm
N/mm2 and the factor of
safety is 6. Determine the size
 d = dc/0.8 =17.27
of the bolt.
= 18mm
 DESIGN OF THREADED JOINT FOR
ECCENTRIC LOAD

Eccentric load perpendicular to axis of bolt

Eccentric load parallel to axis of bolt
Eccentric load in the plane of bolt
Eccentric load perpendicular to axis of bolt
p
p 1. Primary shear force F p  n

Primary shear stress   p P

A
2.Load in each bolt per unit distance
Pe
w 
δ1 2 ( l1 2  l 2 2 )
Secondary shear force Fsi = w x li
Secondary tensile stress σ = Fsi / A

Maximum shear stress theory of failure

 
2

 max     2
2 max  per
 ECCENTRIC LOAD ON CIRCULAR BASE

F
1. Primary shear force F p 
n
FP
Primary shear stress  
A
2. Maximum secondary tensile force
Fsmax = w . lmax
Load in each bolt per unit distance
2 Pe
w 
n(2 R 2  r 2 )
Maximum Secondary tensile force
2 Pe ( R  r )
F t max 
n(2 R 2  r 2 )
3. Maximum shear stress theory of failure
Syt
 
2
 
 max    
2
2 fos
 2 
 UNIT – 5 LECTURE :-3

THREADED JOINTS
Eccentric load parallel to axis of bolt
F
1. Primary TENSILE force :- Ft 
n

2. Load in each bolt per unit distance

Pe
w 
2 ( l1 2  l 2 2 )

Secondary TENSILE force Fti = w x li

The total load on each bolt will be Ftotal = Ft + Fti

F total Syt
   
A Fos
 Example

A crane-runway bracket is
fastened to the roof truss
by means of two identical
bolts as shown in Fig,
Determine the size of the
bolts, if the permissible
tensile stress in the bolts is
limited to 75 N/mm2
 UNIT – 5 LECTURE :-4

THREADED JOINTS
Eccentric load parallel to axis of bolt
F
1. Primary TENSILE force :- Ft 
n

2. Load in each bolt per unit distance

Pe
w 
2 ( l1 2  l 2 2 )

Secondary TENSILE force Fti = w x li

The total load on each bolt will be Ftotal = Ft + Fti

F total Syt
   
A Fos
 Example

A crane-runway bracket is
fastened to the roof truss
by means of two identical
bolts as shown in Fig,
Determine the size of the
bolts, if the permissible
tensile stress in the bolts is
limited to 75 N/mm2
 UNIT – 5 LECTURE :-5

THREADED JOINTS
   ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED JOINTS IN SHEAR

A1,A2,A3,A4=C/S area of
the bolt
1 2 P P=Eccentric load
e=Distance between load
G 4 and center of gravity
3
x, y = distance of C.G
e FROM y and x axis
respectively

(X1,Y1), (X2,Y2),(X3,Y3),(X4,Y4) = Coordinates of bolts

A1 X 1  A 2 X 2  A 3 X 3 A1Y 1  A 2Y 2  A3Y 3
x y
A1  A 2  A 3 A1  A 2  A3
  
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED JOINTS IN SHEAR

 1.Primary shear force=

P
P1  P2  P3  P4 
No.ofbolts
 Secondary shear force =
 EXAMPLE :-
 An eccentrically loaded bolted joint as shown in
fig. is to be designed. All bolts are to be of same
size. Determine the size of bolts, if permissible
shear stress for bolt is 50 MPa.
UNIT 5 LECTURE :-6

WELDED JOINT
 DEFINITION:-

 Welding can be defined as a process of joining metallic parts

by heating to a suitable temperature with or without the
application of pressure. Welding is an economical and
efficient method for obtaining a permanent joint of metallic
parts.
 TYPES OF JOINTS

1. Butt joint

2. Fillet or lap joint

TYPES OF BUTT JOINT
 FILLET JOINT

A fillet joint, also called a lap

joint, is a joint between two
overlapping plates or
components.

A fillet weld consists of an

approximately triangular cross-
section joining two surfaces at
right angles to each other.

 There are two types of fillet

joints— transverse and parallel.
OTHER JOINTS
 STRENGTH OF BUTT WELDS

6t= tensile stress in the weld N/mm2)

P = tensile force on the plates (N)
h = throat of the butt weld (mm)
l = length of the weld (mm)

p
t 
hl
UNIT 5 LECTURE :-7

WELDED JOINT
 STRENGTH OF PARALLEL FILLET WELDS

 The cross-section of the fillet weld consists of a right-angled

triangle having two equal sides. The length of each of the two
equal sides is called a leg. As a rule, the leg length h is equal to
the plate thickness.
t= h cos (45°)
t = 0.707 h

 Failure of the fillet weld occurs due to shear along the minimum
cross-section at the throat. The shear stress in the fillet weld is
given by,
p p
   
tl 0 .707 hl
 Numerical
 A steel plate, 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick, is welded to
another steel plate by means of double parallel fillet welds
as shown in Fig. The plates are subjected to a static tensile
force of 50 KN. Determine the required length of the welds
f the permissible shear stress in the weld is 94
UNIT 5 LECTURE :-8

WELDED JOINT
 STRENGTH OF TRANSVERSE FILLET WELDS

A transverse fillet weld subjected to a tensile force P is shown in

Fig.

 The minimum cross-section of the weld is at the throat.

Therefore, the failure due to tensile stress will occur at the
throat section.
 Numerical
 Two steel plates, 120 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick, are joined
together by means of double transverse fillet welds as shown
in Fig. The maximum tensile stress for the plates and the
welding material should not exceed 110 N/mm2. Find the
required length of the weld, if the strength of weld is equal to
the strength of the plates.
 Numerical
 A plate, 75 mm wide and 10 mm thick, is joined with
another steel plate by means of single transverse and double
parallel fillet welds’. as shown in Fig. The joint is subjected to
a maximum tensile force of 55KN. The permissible tensile and
shear stresses in the weld material are 70 and 50 N/mm2
respectively. Determine the required length of each parallel
fillet weld.
UNIT 5 LECTURE :-9

WELDED JOINT
AXIALLY LOADED UNSYMMETRICAL WELDED
JOINTS
• Resisting forces in the weld is given by
P1  0.707 hl1
P2  0.707hl2
• Sum of horizontal forces is equal to zero
P  P1  P2
• Moment of forces about C.G is equal to zero
P1 y 1  P2 y 2
l1 y 1  l 2 y 2

l  l1  l 2
NUMERICAL
UNIT 5 LECTURE 10

WELDED JOINT
 Eccentric load in the plane of welds

The design of welded joints subjected to eccentric load in

the plane of bolts consists of calculations of
1. Primary and
2. secondary shear stresses.
 Eccentric load in the plane of welds
P
Primary shear stress  1 
A
Eccentric load in the plane of welds
 NUMERICAL Oct 2010
A bracket supporting an eccentric load is welded by three
fillet welds as shown in fig. 3. Determine size of weld, if
permissible shear stress is limited to 66 MPa. What additional
load would the bracket support if same size welding is done
on all four sides ?
 Threaded and Welded Joints
References:-
 Mechanical Engineering Design, Shigley J.E. and Mischke C.R.,
McGraw Hill Publication Co. Ltd
 Design of machine elements, V B Bhandari, The McGraw- Hill
Publications, Second Edition.
 Machine Design, Farazdak Haidari, Nirali Prakashan, First Edition
 University Question Papers