DOM

ANIM
(an Introduction)

ALIA
 CHARACTERISTICS
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion)
• Move at some point in life
• Digest food to get nutrients
• Lack cell walls
TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION
• CELL SPECIALIZATION
• CEPHALIZATION
• EARLY DEVELOPMENT
• BODY SYMMETRY
• BODY CAVITY FORMATION
 CELL SPECIALIZATION
• CELLS FORM TISSUES
–EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)
–CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)
–MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)
–NERVOUS (brain, nerves)
 CEPHALIZATION
• Concentration of sense organs and
nerve cells at front end of body
 EARLY DEVELOPMENT
• FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE
• BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)
• GASTRULA (stage when layers that produce
adult tissues form)
• GERM LAYER
FORMATION
 GERM LAYERS
• ECTODERM

• ENDODERM

• MESODERM
 GERM LAYERS
• ECTODERM
– Covers surface of embryo
– Forms outer covering & CNS
• ENDODERM
– Innermost germ layer
– Forms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs
• MESODERM
– Located b/w ectoderm & endoderm
– Forms muscles & most organs
 BODY SYMMETRY
• Animal’s body plans are adapted for
how they get their food
• they may be motile (move) or sessile
(don’t move)
 3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY

• Asymmetrical -no symmetry

(ex, sponge)
• Bilateral - body plan in which
single line can divide body into
2 equal parts
• Radial -body plan in which body
parts repeat around center of body
 ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Dorsal - top or back

• Ventral - bottom
• Anterior - head end that goes first
• Posterior - tail end that follows
• Lateral - along the side (lengthwise)
 ANATOMICAL TERMS

dorsal
posterior

anterior Dorsal
Anterior

Posterior
Ventral

lateral
ventral
 BODY PLANS
OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
• ACOELOMATE - no body cavity b/w digestive
tract and outer body wall
ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
 BODY PLANS
OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
• PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity
between the mesoderm and endoderm
Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)
 BODY PLANS
OR BODY CAVITY FORMATION
• COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions
organs, allows for growth of organs.
Ex. Annelids (earthworm)
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as
plants
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• CARNIVORES- eat other animals
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation &
other animals
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• FILTER FEEDERS- feed by straining tiny
floating plants
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• DETRITUS FEEDERS- feed on tiny bits of
decaying matter

Sea Cucumber
 FEEDING HETEROTROPHS
• PARASITES- feed on living organisms usually
destroying or injuring the host organism
 2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALS
• INVERTEBRATES • VERTEBRATES
– 95% of animal – 5% of animal species
species – Contains backbone
– No backbone
NINE ANIMAL PHYLA
INVERTEBRATES: 8 Phyla
All lack internal skeleton, some have
exoskeleton or shell

VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES): 1 Phylum

Internal skeleton made of bone/ cartilage
 ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS
OF ANIMALS
• FEEDING
• RESPIRATION
• CIRCULATION
• EXCRETION
• RESPONSE
• MOVEMENT
• REPRODUCTION
• VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS OFTEN BY USING FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS INCLUDING FEEDBACK
INHIBITION
• EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING,
NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING.
PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE SO
PANTING STOPS.
 Asexual Reproduction in Animals
• Budding – a new organism • Regeneration – a new
in formed from a bud of organism develops from
the parent fragments of parent
• For example, hydra: • For example, planaria
 Sexual Reproduction in Animals
• Involves the
production of a
sperm (spermazoa)
and an egg (ova)
[haploid sex cells]
which will fuse
during fertilization
to create offspring.
 Fertilization
• Aquatic Animals • Terrestrial Animals
- External - Internal fertilization
fertilization where where the sperm
sperm and egg fuse and egg fuse inside
outside the body the body
- Sharks are an - Development of
exception offspring can be
internal or external
The animal kingdom can be divided
into 9 smaller groups.
Each group is called a phylum.
 The 9 Phyla of Kingdom Animalia
1. Phylum Porifera 2. Phylum Cnidaria

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum Nematoda

pinworm
 The 9 Phyla of Kingdom Animalia
5. Phylum Annelida 6. Phylum Mollusca

7. Phylum Echinodermata 8. Phylum Arthropoda

 The 9 Phyla of Kingdom Animalia
9. Phylum Chordata
QUESTIONS? 
 1. Kingdom Animalia were
grouped into two.
Which among the nine phyla is
included in the group of
vertebrates?
2. Annelids have this part in their
system which is considered as the
innermost germ layer. What is
this called?
 3. A starfish has five foot-like
structure which is also composed
of many small tube feet used for
mobility. What is the symmetry of
starfishes?
4. Spermazoa and ova are
considered as sex cells or
____________.
5. A certain organism was divided
into two pieces– front and back.
What do you call this anatomical
plane?
 6. An organism eats both grass
and leaves of trees. What type of
heterotroph is it?
 7. Asexual reproduction in
Kingdom animalia primarily
requires what, to reproduce?
8. It is a type of tissue which is a
covering/ lining of the cavities.
 9. This is a trend in animal
evolution which is about the
concentration of the sense organs
at the front end of the body.
10. The state of equilibrium of
water supply in a system.
11. An earthworm has five hearts.
According to its body plan, it is
considered as __________
therefore having distinct organ
systems.
 12. An anatomical term used to
refer parts of an organism located
at the bottom.
13. When spermazoa and ova
unites inside a system and
develops, it is considered as
_________________.
14. These is a group of organisms
in the Kingdom Animalia which
has no backbone.
 15. Different species belong to a
certain Kingdom, much more to a
specific phylum.
You belong to Phylum
________________.