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Experiment 7: Diversity of Bacteria
Experiment 7: Diversity of Bacteria
Experiment 7: Diversity of Bacteria
OF BACTERIA
Objective(s) At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
i. To demonstrate Gram staining technique in classifying bacteria
ii. To identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
iii. To identify different shapes of bacteria
Gram stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to their
Purpose identification. It was originally devised by Hans Christian Joachim Gram, a
Danish doctor. Gram stain differentiates two major cell wall types. Bacterial
species with walls containing small amount of peptidoglycan and
Part 03
characteristically, lipopolysaccharide, are Gram negative whereas bacteria
with walls containing relatively large amount of peptidoglycan and no
lipopolysaccharide are Gram-positive. Apart from Gram staining technique,
the identification of bacteria can also be based on shapes. The three most
common shapes are spheres, rods and spirals.
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A Part 01
Indepedent variable
Depedent Variable
controlled variable
Material & Apparatus
microwave
Hot water
Petri dishes
Beaker
Nutrien agar
Cotton swabs
Clorox wipes
Zipper lock bag
Adult supervision
Procedure
Take the lid off of the Petri dish (the lid is larger
than the dish) and carefully cover the bottom-half
of the Petri dish with warm nutrient agar mixture.
Procedure
5
Loosely cover the bottom portion (set the lid ajar so
excess moisture can escape) and allow the mixture
to cool and harden for at least an hour.
Lift the lid off the Petri dish and LIGHTLY draw a
squiggly line in the agar with the end of the cotton
swab. Roll the swab in your fingers as you draw
the line. Replace the lid and label the dish with the
date and the name of the item you tested.
Procedure
10
Before growing anything, some people place each
Petri dish into a separate zipper-lock bag. Place
the upside down dishes into a warm – about 98°F
(37°C) is fine – and totally dark place to grow. In a
closed box on a cable box is a great place. In a
short time, you’ll be greeted by an amazing variety
of bacteria, molds, and fungi. You likely see more
and larger colonies over the next few days. You
shouldn’t see too much growth where the
disinfectants (hand sanitizers) were used. You
might even see a “halo” around each location. This
halo is called the “kill zone.” Measure and compare
the size of the kill zone to determine the
effectiveness of different antibacterial agents
Procedure
11
Slide / 16
Discussion
Grain straining is a differenti staibning technique that differentiates bacteria into two group gram postive and gram negative. The procedure is based on the ability of microorganisms to retain colon of the strains used during the gram strain reaction.
Gram negative bacteria are decolorized by the alcohol, long the colour of the primary stain,purple. Grain positive bacteria are not decolorized by alcohol and will remain as purple. After decolorization step, a countersttain is used to impart a pink colour
to the decolorzed gram-negative organisms
There are some precautionnary step for this experiment. One of the precautions is to always use young culture of bacteria because old culture of gram-positive bacteria tend to lose ability to retain the crystal.Do NOT open the dishes once things begin
to grow. You could be culturing some serious goobers and not even know it.
Slide / 17
Conclusion
Slide / 18
References
Campbell, N.A , Recce ,J.B, Ury, L.A, M.l, rassermen, S.A minorsky, P.V & Jakson
R.B (2016) Biology ( 11th .Ed) Pearson Benjamin Cumming
https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/growing-
bacteria/