BOTANY

ASSIGNME
NT
SUBMITTED BY,
Arsha P Anil
Roll no:6508
Department
of Zoology

SUBMITTED
TO,
Geena George
Department of Botany
ASSIGNMENT ON
MEDICINAL
PLANTS AND
ECONOMIC
BOTANY
CONTENT

4.Beverages
•Coffee
•Tea

5.Oil-yielding plants
•Coconut
•Groundnut

6.Fibre-yielding plants
•Coir
•Cotton

7.Timber yielding plants

•Teak
•Indian rose wood
9.Biopesticides
•Tobacco 14.Conclusion
•Neem

10.Ornamental plants
•Rose
•Anthurium spp.
•Orchids

11.Cereals and Millets

•Paddy
•Wheat

12.Pulses
•Green gram
•Bengal gram

13.Tuber crops
 INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of
ingredients which can be used in drug development. Apart
from that , these plants play a critical role in the development
of human cultures around the whole world.
There are thousands of plants that humans have found
economically useful. The economic importance of plants is
almost found in every aspect of the planet and other living
things.

From food to medicine nature provide us with everything. We

should be very careful on making use of these resources. The
assignment has been made with best efforts to uphold the
quality incorporating as much relevant aspects possible.
MEDICINA
L PLANTS
 ADHATODA

Botanical name:Justicia adhatoda

Family:Acanthaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Leaves, roots

Medicinal uses:Used for the treatment of cold, cough, chronic bronchitis

and asthma. The drug is administered as fresh juice, decoction, infusion,
powder, etc.
 ALOE

Botanical name:Aloe vera

Family:Liliaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Leaf

Medicinal uses:The pulp of the leaf is given in fever, enlargement of liver and
spleen, skin disease, gonorrhea, menstrual suppression, piles, jaundice,
rheumatism etc.
 BACOPA

Botanical name:Bacopa monnieri

Family:Scrophulariaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Whole plant

Medicinal uses:Promote learning, cognition and memory by enhancing

the efficiency of nerve impulse transmission. Gives protection to the
brain cells.
 CATHARANTHUS

Botanical name:Catharanthus roseus

Family:Apocynaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Roots, leaves

Medicinal uses:Relaxation of plain muscle and depression of the central

nervous system. These are also used as anti-cancer drugs.
 ECLIPTA

Botanical name:Eclipta alba

Family:Asteraceae

Morphology of the useful part: whole plant

Medicinal uses:Leaf extract is found to be a powerful liver tonic, good for luxuriant
hair growth. The extract is used in curing ulcers and also as an antiseptic for healing
wounds. Used against dysentery, anaemia, eye diseases, asthma and liver cirrhosis.
 NEEM

Botanical name:Azadirachta indica

Family:Meliaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Leaf

Medicinal uses:Used in blood purification formula. Also used in arthritis, rheumatism,

removal of external and internal parasites, treatment of malaria etc. Used in wide
range of ailments such as influenza, sore throat, fungal infection, skin diseases, and
many more ailments.
 OCIMUM

Botanical name:Ocimum sanctum

Family:Lamiaceae

Morphology of the useful part: Leaves, flowers

Medicinal uses:Used as prophylactic against malaria. Leaf juice is given

against chronic fever, hemorrhage, dysentery and dyspepsia. Also used to
check vomiting and as an anithelmintic.
 PHYLLANTHUS

Botanical name:Phyllanthus niruri

Family:Euphorbiaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Whole plant

Medicinal uses:Used against bronchitis, anaemia, urinary problem, asthma,

biliousness and also as a diuretic. Useful against chronic dysentery, fresh
roots serve as an excellent remedy for jaundice
 SIDA

Botanical name:Sida cordifolia

Family:Malvaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Whole plant

Medicinal uses:Used for the treatment of inflammation of the oral

mucosa, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion. Used for the
treatment of cancer, for encouraging liver-regrowth.
 RAUWOLFIA

Botanical name:Rauwolfia serpentina

Family:Apocynaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Root

Medicinal uses:It lowers blood pressure and controls sahizophrenia-like

symptoms or mental illness. Root decoction is given for uterine contraction.
Leaf juice is applied into eyes to reduce Opacities of cornea.
SPIC
ES
 PEPPER
Botanical name:Piper nigrum L.

Family:Piperaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Fruit

Uses:Used as spice of the world. Used as a condiment and

a flavouring material for all types of food stuffs. Ingredient
of many ayurvedic preparations.
 CARDAMOM
Botanical name:Elettaria cardamomumb L.

Family:Scitamineae

Sub-family:Zingiberaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seed

Uses:Important spice used for flavouring cakes, biscuits, curries,

sweet dishes etc. It is also an important ingredient of many
BEVERAGES
 COFFEE
Botanical name:Coffee arabica L.

Family:Rubiaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seeds

Uses:It relieves fatigue and stimulates mind and body. Caffeine

relieves headache and hence used in several drugs. It is used to
relieve the pain of migraine and also in the treatment of
bronchial asthma.
 TEA
Botanical name:Camellia sinensis

Family:Theaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Tender leaves

Uses:The best known constituent of tea is caffeine. It gives tea

stimulating properties, but contribute only a little to color, flavour
and aroma. The important chemical in tea are tannins and
polyphenols that give the drink its astringency. Used as a flavouring
compound of the beverage.
OIL-YIELDING PLANTS
 COCONUT

Botanical name:Cocos nucifera L.

Family:Arecaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Endosperm

Uses:Coconut oil is used in the preparation of various food items and

also as a confectionery. Used as hair oil and a lubricant, and also in the
manufacture of aoaps, shampoos, shaving creams etc. Coconut husk
is the source of fiber and coir. Toddy is obtained by tapping the young
 GROUND NUT

Botanical name:Arachis hypogea L.

Family:Fabaceae

Sub-family:Papilionaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seeds

Uses:Ground nut kernels are rich and cheap sources of proteins. Oil is
extensively used in cooking, soap making, shaving creams, cold creams
etc. Oil can also be used as an illuminant, lubricant and also for the
FIBRE-YIELDING
PLANTS
 COIR
Botanical name:Cocos nucifera

Family:Palmaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Endosperm and surface fibres

Uses:It is used for making the bristles of brushes, doormates,

floor coverings, sacks, coarse textiles, upholstery, thermal
insulating boards, etc. In horticulture, coir is used as a peat
substitute.
 COTTON

Botanical name:Gossypium herbaceum

Family:Malvaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seed coat fibres

Uses:Used in the manufacture of woven goods, rubber-tyre fabrics,

in plastic reinforcing, carpeting and cordage. The fuzz is used for
stuffing pillows, pads, cushions, upholsteries, etc. Serve as basic raw
materials for cellulose in rayon, plastic and explosive industries.
Cotton seed cake is used as a cattle feed. Cotton seed oil is used in
TIMBER YIELDING
PLANTS
 TEAK
Botanical name:Tectona grandis

Family:Verbenaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Tree

Uses:Used in the construction of building, ships, and

bridges, making of railway sleepers, girdes, furniture
and agriculture implements and so on.
 INDIAN ROSE WOOD

Botanical name:Dalbergia latifolia

Family:Papilionaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Tree

Uses:It is a valuable decorative wood ideal for carving and

ornamental ply- boards and veneera. Useful for calico printing
blocks, mathematical instruments and screws. Used for carriage
parts, temple chariots, boat knees, razor handles and brush-
backs.
LATEX-
YIELDING
PLANTS
 PARARUBBER TREE

Botanical name:Hevea brasiliensis

Family:Euphorbiaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Latex from the stem

Uses:Natural latex is used for manufacturing rubber articles such as

balloons, gloves, foam rubber, fabric coating and moulded rubber
goods. Rubber solution is used in manufacture of footwear, tyres,
tubes etc. Various household articles and commercial items, such as
waterproof sheets, nipples, rollers, gaskets, cushions, tube, hose pipes,
washers etc are made from rubber. Used in the fabrication of battery-
BIOPESTICIDES
 TOBACC
O
Botanical name:Nicotiana tabaccum

Family:Solanaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Leaf

Uses:Used as a natural pesticide. For centuries, farmers have

been using home made mixtures of tobacco and water as a
natural pesticide to kill insect pests. Used as a pollution free and
eco-friendly green pesticide to fight potential pests.
 NEEM

Botanical name:Azadirachta indica

Family:Meliaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Leaf and seeds

Uses:Used in pest control and enhances soil fertility. It is an

effective nematicide. Used in storage of grains to repel insects. Bark
and roots of tree are powdered and used to control flies and ticks.
Neem has antibacterial properties and it is used against skin
infections. Neem oil and leaf extract are used to manufacture
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
 ROSE

Botanical name:Rosa spp.

Family:Rosaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Flowers

Uses:Used for commercial and domestic purposes. Rose

perfumes are prepared from rose oil, which is a mixture of
volatile essential oils extracted from crushed petals by steam
ANTHURIUM SPP.

Botanical name:Anthurium andraeanum L.

Family:Araceae

Morphology of the useful part:Spadix

Uses:During dry conditions, leaves form a birds nest like roselte

which helps the plant to collect debris, water etc. Most species
are popular as plot plants and cut flowers and are used for
interior decoration.
 ORCHIDS

Family:Orchidaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Flowers

Uses:Good in fragrance and matchless grace and beauty

are perhaps unique to themselves. Flowers are attractive,
colorful and long-lasting, hence they were used in
decorations, making bouquet etc.
CEREALS
AND
MILLETS
 PADD
Y
Botanical name:Oryza sativa L.

Family:Poaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Endosperm

Uses:Rice flour is used in confectionery, icecreams, pudding and

pastries. Used for making fermented preparations like idly and dosa.
Paddy husk is used in making hard boards. Paddy straw is used as
fodder and also in the manufacture of straw boards, hat, mat, sacs,
rpoes and baskets.
 WHEA
T
Botanical name:Triticum sps aestivum

Family:Poaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Endosperm

Uses:Manufacture of flour for bread and pastries. Wheat is grown

into atta, sooji or rava and maida. Wheat is used in the production
of alcoholic, beverages, bees etc. Wheat straw is used as a fodder
and also as a stuffing or packaging materials. Wheat starch is
employed for the sizing of textile fabric.
PULSES
 GREEN GRAM

Botanical name:Vigna radiata

Family:Fabaceae

Sub family:Papilonaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seed

Uses:Tender pods are eaten as vegetable, and ripe seeds are used as
dhal. Sprouted seeds are rich in protein. Seed powder is used as an
excellent substitute for soaps for cleaning the body. Used against various
 BENGAL GRAM

Botanical name:Cicer arietinum L.

Family:Fabaceae

Sub family:Papilonaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Seed

Uses:It is eaten in a roasted or boiled and salted form. Tender leaves are
used as a vegetable. Dry stem and leaves after threshing are used as a
cattle feed. Seeds are used for feeding cattle
TUBER

CROPS
 TAPIOC
A
Botanical name:Manihot esculenta Crantz

Family:Euphorbiaceae

Morphology of the useful part:Root tuber

Uses:Used in the preparation of various foods. Commercially, it

is used in textile and paper industries, and in the manufacture of
plywood, veneer, adhesives etc. Leaves of tapioca are used as
cattle feed.
 CONCLUSION
As our lifestyle is getting techno-savvy, we are
moving away from nature. While we cannot
escape from nature because we are part of
nature. As herbs are natural products, they are
free from side effects. Similarly eople depend
upon plants to satisfy such basic human needs as
food, clothing and shelter. The blind dependence
on synthetics is over and people are returning to
naturals with hope of safety and security. It's time
to promote them globally.