RISK MANAGEMENT

Chapter 2
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Analyzing food safety risk and management.
• Assessing risks in the food industry business.
• Describing the goal of food risk management in the society.
• Identifying the elements of risk management.
• Listing the general principles of food safety risk and management.
 FOOD SAFETY RISK ANALYSIS
is an emerging discipline, and the methodological basis for assessing
and managing risks associated with food hazards is still in a developing
phase.
It is important to recognize the difference between “hazard” and “risk”.
 HAZARD
A hazard is a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of,
food with the potential to cause harm.
 RISK
Risk is an estimate of the probability and severity of the adverse health
effects in exposed populations, consequential to hazards in food.
Understanding the association between a reduction in hazards that may
be associated with a food, and the risk to consumers of adverse health
effects is of particular importance in the development of appropriate
food safety controls.
 RISK ANALYSIS
Is widely recognized as the fundamental methodology underlying the
development of food safety standards.

Risk analysis is composed of three separate but integrated elements,

namely risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.
 RISK COMMUNICATION
As an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion on
risk among risk assessors, risk managers, and other interested parties.
 RISK MANAGEMENT
Is defined within Codex as the process of weighing policy alternatives in the light of the
results of risk assessment and, if required, selecting and implementing appropriate control
options, including regulatory measures.

The outcome of the risk management process, as undertaken by Committees within the
Codex Alimentarius system, is the development of standards, guidelines and other
recommendations for food safety.

The overall objective of Codex is to ensure consumer protection and to facilitate

international trade.
Risk Analysis deals with:

• Assessing the risk;

• Managing the risk; and
• Communicating the risk.
 Begin the risk analysis by identifying and describing any hazards, problems or
situations in the facility and its food production process. Look for anything that could
be a risk to human health. To make this list of risks, use information from:

• Consumer feedback;
• Audit results;
• New scientific research; and
• Staff comments and input.
 RISK ASSESSMENT
The first step in risk analysis is risk assessment. This helps the facility to decide on
the level of risk for each hazard.
Risk assessment should provide complete information to allow the risk management
team to make the best possible decisions. Begin the risk assessment by answering
three basic questions:

• What could go wrong?

• How likely is the event to happen?
• What would be the outcome or impact if this event happened?
 RISK ASSESSMENT & HACCP
Risk assessment is very important in developing a HACCP (Hazard
Analysis Critical Control Point) system.
Hazard analysis is the first principle of HACCP plan development.
A hazard analysis looks at the hazard that might affect a food product or
raw ingredient in a processing operation. It includes collecting and
evaluating information on each hazard and looks at the conditions that
may cause the hazard to be present or increase.
 RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management was originally considered a separate part of risk
analysis. However, risk analysis experts now realize that risk
management and risk assessment overlap.
Risk management is about choosing the best way to reduce the risk.
 THE GOAL OF FOOD RISK
MANAGEMENT
 The primary goal of the management of risks associated with food
is to protect public health by controlling such risks as effectively
as possible through the selection and implementation of
appropriate measures.
 ELEMENTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT
A. Risk evaluation
B. Risk management option assessment
C. Implementation of management decision
D. Monitoring and review
 A. RISK EVALUATION
• Identification of a food safety problem
• Establishment of a risk profile
• Ranking of the hazard for risk assessment and risk management priority
• Establishment of risk assessment policy for conduct of risk assessment
• Commissioning of risk assessment
• Consideration of risk assessment result
 B. RISK MANAGEMENT OPTION
ASSESSMENT
• Identification of available management options
• Selection of preferred management option, including consideration of
an appropriate safety standard
• Final management decision
C. IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT
DECISION
 D. MONITORING AND REVIEW
• Assessment of effectiveness of measures taken
• Review risk management and/or assessment as necessary
The outcome of the risk evaluation process should be combined with the evaluation
of available risk management options in order to reach a decision on management of
the risk.
In arriving at this decision, human health protection should be the primary
consideration, with other factors (e.g. economic costs, benefits, technical feasibility,
risk perceptions, etc.) being considered as appropriate.
Implementation of the management decision should be followed by monitoring both
the effectiveness of the control measure and its impact on risk to the exposed
consumer population to ensure that the food safety objective is being met.
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SAFETY RISK
MANAGEMENT
Principle 1: Risk management should follow a structured approach.
Principle 2: Protection of human health should be the primary consideration in risk management decisions.
Principle 3: Risk management decisions and practices should be transparent.
Principle 4: Determination of risk assessment policy should be included as a specific component of risk
management.
Principle 5: Risk management should ensure the scientific integrity of the risk assessment process by maintaining
the functional separation of risk management and risk assessment.
Principle 6: Risk management decisions should take into account the uncertainty in the output of the risk
assessment.
Principle 7: Risk management should include clear, interactive communication with consumers and other
interested parties in all aspects of the process.
Principle 8: Risk management should be a continuing process that takes into account all newly generated data in
the evaluation and review of risk management decisions.
PRINCIPLE 1: RISK MANAGEMENT SHOULD
FOLLOW A STRUCTURED APPROACH
The elements of a structured approach to risk management are
Risk Evaluation, Risk Management Option Assessment,
Implementation of Management Decision, and Monitoring and
Review. In circumstances, not all of these elements will be
included in risk management activities.
PRINCIPLE 2: PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH SHOULD BE THE
PRIMARY CONSIDERATION IN RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

Decisions on acceptable levels of risk should be determined primarily

by human health considerations, and arbitrary or unjustified differences
in the risk levels should be avoided.
Consideration of other factors (e.g. economic costs, benefits, technical
feasibility, and societal preferences) may be appropriate in some risk
management contexts, particularly in the determination of measures to
be taken. Theses considerations should not be arbitrary and should be
made explicit.
PRINCIPLE 3: RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
AND PRACTICES SHOULD BE TRANSPARENT
Risk management should include the identification and systematic
documentation of all elements of the risk management process including
decision-making, so that the rationale is transparent to all interested
parties.
 PRINCIPLE 4: DETERMINATION OF RISK ASSESSMENT
POLICY SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS A SPECIFIC COMPONENT
OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk assessment policy sets the guidelines for value judgements and
policy choices which may need to be applied at specific decision points
in the risk assessment process, and preferably should be determined in
advance of risk assessment, in collaboration with risk assessors.
 PRINCIPLE 5: RISK MANAGEMENT SHOULD ENSURE THE SCIENTIFIC
INTEGRITY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS BY MAINTAINING THE
FUNCTIONAL SEPARATION OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
Functional separation of risk management and risk assessment serves to
ensure the scientific integrity of the risk assessment process and reduce
any conflict of interest between risk assessment and risk management .
However, it is recognized that the risk analysis is an interactive process,
and interactions between risk managers and risk assessors are essential
for practical application.
 PRINCIPLE 6: RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS SHOULD
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE OUTPUT OF
THE RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk estimate should, wherever possible, include a numerical
expression of uncertainty, and this must be conveyed to risk managers in
a readily understandable form so that the full implications of the range of
uncertainty can be included in decision-making.
For example, if the risk estimate is highly uncertain the risk
management decision might be more conservative.
PRINCIPLE 7: RISK MANAGEMENT SHOULD INCLUDE CLEAR,
INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH CONSUMERS AND
OTHER INTERESTED PARTIES IN ALL ASPECTS OF THE PROCESS
On-going reciprocal communication among all interested parties is an
integral part of the risk management process.
Risk communication is more than the dissemination of information, and
a major function the process by which information and opinion essential
to effective risk management is incorporated into the decision.
 PRINCIPLE 8: RISK MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE A CONTINUING PROCESS
THAT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT ALL NEWLY GENERATED DATA IN THE
EVALUATION AND REVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

Subsequent to the application of a risk management decision, periodic

evaluation of the decision should be made to determine its effectiveness
in meeting food safety objectives.
Monitoring and other activities will likely by necessary to carry out the
review effectively.
 RISK COMMUNICATION
Risk communication lets the facility identify and weigh options during the risk
analysis process.
Open communication among all stakeholders (from employees to consumers) will
improve the overall risk management.
When the facility decides on a course of action, make sure that the decision and the
reasons for it are explained clearly to everyone involved.
Risk communication is very important during food safety emergencies.
However, to help make sure the message stays constant and clear, communication is
also very important when there is no crisis.
 THE MAIN GOALS OF RISK
COMMUNICATION
• Promoting awareness and understanding of risks (amongst employees,
government official and consumers);
• Promoting consistency and clarity about the risk analysis process;
• Providing an understanding for risk management decisions;
• Strengthening good working relationships and promoting respect;
• Promoting appropriate involvement of all stakeholders group; and
• Exchanging information, knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of those
involved.