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Radio Resource Management Overview

Customized RAN Parameters for swap cases [WCDMA17]

CT43894-V-17 © Nokia 2018

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Radio Resource Management (RRM) Overview:
Module Objectives

At the end of the course you will be able to:

• Describe the purpose of RRM

• List the RRM functional entities
• Describe the purpose of each RRM functional entity

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Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for optimal

utilization of the air interface resources

Target for RRM is to ensure the RAN offers:

- The planned coverage for each targeted service
- High capacity i.e. low blocking (new calls, handovers)
- The required Quality of Service (QoS)
- Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)

By continuously monitoring/adjusting how the available resources are used in accordance with user
requests
Link Quality

Cell Capacity RRM Cell Coverage

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RRM Tasks

RRM must be able to: Overload Overload Margin

- Predict the impact on interference (power) of the admitting a
Load Target
new user for UL & DL

Power
- Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call admissions, bitrate
increase/decrease etc.) in accordance with prevailing load
conditions
- Provide different quality of service for real time (RT) and non- Time
real time (NRT) users
- Take appropriate corrective actions when the different cell load Estimated capacity for NRT
thresholds are exceeded in order to maintain cell stability (i.e. traffic
load control) Measured load caused
by non-controllable load (RT)

RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

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RRM Functional Split
• RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e. algorithms)
• These functions can be divided into;

• Cell Based LC
- Load Control (LC) PS
- Admission Control (AC) RM
- Packet Scheduling (PS) AC
- Resource Manager (RM)
Cell based functions

• Connection Based
- Handover Control (HC) PC
- Power Control (PC)
HC

Connection based functions

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Power Control PC
• WCDMA systems are interference limited; therefore, it is beneficial to reduce transmission power
as far as possible (without violating the required quality).
• Thus, the target of PC is to achieve the min. SIR that is required to offer sufficient quality of the
connection.
• PC works on a per-connection basis.

MS BTS RNC

Power Control

Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Power Control Load Control
Load Control
Packet Scheduler
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Load Control functions

• The load control function within RRM can be divided:

- Preventative load control (e.g. congestion)
- Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
• Preventative actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y)
• Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
• RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
• The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell & with surrounding cells

Overload Overload Control

threshold x Preventative Load Control
Load Target
threshold y
Estimated capacity for
NRT traffic.
Power

Measured load caused by

non-controllable load (RT)
Time

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Load Control LC

Load change info

AC
Load status

NRT load
PS
LC
• LC performs the function of load control in association with Admission Control AC & Packet Scheduling PS
• Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC & PS
• Continuously feeds cell load information to PS & AC:
- Interference levels
- BTS power levels
Load differentiation:
- Non-controllable load Total load =
• Controllable load +
• Semi-controllable load +
• Non-controllable load

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Admission Control AC
• Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality
of existing connections
• Determines whether RABs or RRC connections can be admitted
- Handles RT RABs by estimating the increase in non-controllable load
- In the decision UL interference & DL power measurements by BTS are used
- Since RAS06 the UL throughput is considered for AC, too
- UL & DL admission conditions must both be fulfilled to admit a new call or modified Grant
existing call
• Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users, e.g.
- Bearer class Admission
Decision
- Transport Formats
• AC sets quality and power parameters for the radio link, e.g.:
- UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets, SIR target Reject

- Initial DL transmission power

• AC takes place in the RNC

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Packet Scheduler PS
power
• Packet Scheduler in RNC schedules radio Overload threshold
resources for both UL & DL R99 NRT RABs
Target threshold
• Scheduling period defined by RNP parameters
• PS relies on up-to-date information from AC
& LC
• Capacity allocated on a needs basis using Total Load
‘best effort’ approach
controllable load
non-controllable load
time

• PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing conditions & accurate (up-to-date load info)
• Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports (governed by RNP parameters)
• PS comprises two parts: UE specific & Cell specific
• HSDPA & HSUPA resources are scheduled by the Node B

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Handover Control HC
• HC is responsible for:
- Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around network
- Maintaining connection quality by ensuring UE is always served by the best cell
- saving capacity
• Intra-Frequency Handovers
- Softer/Soft Handover WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1

- UE simultaneously connected to multiple cells from

same/different Node Bs
- Mobile Evaluated Handover MEHO
- Hard Handover
- when Inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or WCDMA F2 WCDMA F2
Iur congestion) WCDMA F1
- in case of HSDPA
- Inter-Frequency Handover
- can be Intra-BS, Intra-RNC or Inter-RNC
GSM/LTE GSM/LTE
- Network Evaluated Handover NEHO
WCDMA
- Inter-RAT Handover
- Handovers between WCDMA and GSM, LTE or WLAN
- Network Evaluated Handover NEHO
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Resource Manager RM

• Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS
- On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
- DL Channelization Code
- UL Scrambling Code

Code Type Uplink Downlink

Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation

Channelization codes Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell

• Cares about code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

- Initial code selection – codes concentrated to same branch
- Code de-fragmentation – dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave system
• DL spreading code allocation for HSDPA users can be dynamic from RAS06 on

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HSDPA - general principle
• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE and
knowledge of current traffic state.
• Hard Handover only

Channel quality
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

Data

UE1

Data New WBTS functions:

Channel quality • Fast HARQ retransmissions
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) • Fast Adaptive Modulation & Coding
• Fast Packet data scheduling (short TTI)

UE2
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
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HSUPA / Comparing HSUPA to R99 and HSDPA

• HSUPA is 3GPP Rel6 “Enhanced FDD Uplink”

• main characteristics:
• Fast WBTS Packet Scheduling
• E-DCH
Fast L1 HARQ algorithms
• Fast Link Adaptation
• 2ms or 10ms TTI periods
• Soft Handover
Rel99 Rel5 Rel6
• SF down to SF = 2 Feature DCH HSDPA HSUPA
• Peak Rates up to 5.76 Mbps Var. spreading factor Y N Y
with QPSK, and up to 11.5Mbps
Fast power control Y N Y
with RU30 HSUPA 16QAM
Adaptive modulation N Y N

WBTS based scheduling N Y Y

Fast L1 HARQ N Y Y

Soft Handover Y N Y

TTI length [ms] 80,40,20,10 2 10,2

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HSPA+ Improvements
• HSDPA Improvements:
• DC-HSDPA + 64QAM + MIMO (84Mbps)
• General Improvements:
• High Speed Cell_FACH (DL+UL)
• Smart LTE Layering
• Application Aware RAN
• HSDPA Improvements:
• Dual Band HSDPA (42 Mbps)
• General Improvements:
• Smart LTE Handover
• Measurement based LTE Layering
• Conversational QoS for VoIP
• Data Session Profiling
• RRC Connection Setup Redirection
• AMR Codec Set for 2G-3G TrFO
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RU40
DL Peak Rates up to: 84 Mbps
UL Peak Rates up to: 11 Mbps
DL Peak Rates up to: 84 Mbps
UL Peak Rates up to: 23 Mbps
• HSPA+ over IUR
• BTS Load Based AACR
• IN-Bearer Application Optimization
• HSUPA Improvements:
• HSUPA Compressed Mode for LTE and
Inter-frequency Handover
• RAN1905 DC-HSUPA
• RAN2250 Enhanced HSUPA IC
RU50
© Nokia 2018
HSPA+ Improvements
• HSDPA Improvements:
• Enhanced Cell Change from HSPA to 2G WCDMA16
• HSPA Subscriber Increase
• Optimized TCP Packet Handling at RNC

• HSUPA Improvements:
• Advanced HSUPA Time Division Scheduling
• High Speed Cell_FACH Enhanced
• RACH Capacity Increase
• IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) Receiver

• General Improvements:
• CSFB (circuit-switched call fallback) with RIM (RAN Information Management)
• Activity Based UL Power Control for Rel99 DCH
• WCDMA-LTE Load Balancing
• Enhanced MBLB
• Device detection

DL Peak Rates up to: 84 Mbps

UL Peak Rates up to: 23 Mbps

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Improvements
• HSDPA Improvements:
WCDMA17
• Optimized HSDPA Scheduler
• General Improvements:
• Enhanced Power Control
• RRC Re-establishment for RT services
• CS Call Re-establishment over lur
• Guaranteed Voice calls in High Load
• HSPA Queuing and Resource Rotation with QoS
• UL Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP)
• Dedicated priorities
• Optimized neighbor cell processing
• UE history for WCDMA-LTE mobility DL Peak Rates up to: 84 Mbps
UL Peak Rates up to: 23 Mbps
• Uplink Data Compression

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 Appendix

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Appendix
History - HSPA+ Improvements RU20 & RU30
• Improving the DL peak rates, cell throughput & spectrum efficiency:
•
RU20
64QAM: Enhanced HSDPA Modulation
• MIMO: Intelligent Multi-Antenna Systems
• DC-HSDPA: Dual-Carrier/Cell Transmission
• Improving the cell throughput & spectrum efficiency:
• DL Flexible RLC
• Continuous Packet Connectivity DL Peak Rates up to: 21/28/42 Mbps
• CS Voice over HSPA UL Peak Rates up to: 5.8 Mbps

DL Peak Rates up to: 42 Mbps

UL Peak Rates up to: 11 Mbps

• General Improvements: • HSUPA Improvements:

• Fast Dormancy • HSUPA 11Mbps (16QAM)
• Multi-Band Load Balancing MBLB • Frequency Domain Equalizer
• High Speed Cell_FACH (DL) • HSUPA Interference Cancellation
Receiver
RU30
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