EE - 453

Power Quality and Harmonics

Harmonic Mitigation
 
 

Dr. Supriya Jaiswal

Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
 Contents
• Harmonic Resonance
• Impedance Scan Analysis
• Passive Filtering
• Introduction to Active Power Filtering
• Control Methods for Single Phase APFC
 Power Filters

Introduction
State of Art of Passive Power Filters
Classification of Passive Power Filters
Principle of Operation of Passive Power
Filters
Analysis and Design of Passive Power
Filters
Modeling, Simulation and Performance of
Passive Power Filters
Passive Power Filter principle block diagram
Power filter
 INTRODUCTION
 As non-linear loads, these solid-state converters draw
harmonics and reactive power components of current from
ac mains.
 The injected harmonics currents, and reactive power burden,
cause low system efficiency and poor power-factor. They
also cause disturbance to other consumers, protection
devices, and interference in nearby communication
networks.
 Traditionally power passive filters are used to reduce
harmonics and capacitors are generally employed to
improve the power factor of these ac loads.
Passive filters become very sensitive to the parallel resonance
between filter capacitors and source impedance (mainly inductive in
nature)

If the parallel resonance frequency occurs at or near a harmonic

produced by the load, a severe voltage distortion and a harmonic
current amplification may be produced.

It may result in nuisance fuse blowing and or breaker operation.

Therefore, utmost care must be taken in the design of passive filters
to avoid such parallel resonance and associated problems
if these passive filters are used along with other
small active filter which blocks or avoids such parallel
resonance, then the objective is kept to reduce rms
current of the supply to fully utilize the capabilities of
the passive filters irrespective such problems which
are taken care by other means.

In view of these many increasing applications of

passive filters the design and selection of these filters
are becoming interesting and challenging.
 These passive filters are classified in to many
categories such as shunt, series, hybrid, single
tuned, double tuned, damped, band-pass, high
pass power passive filters.
 In high power rating such as HVDC systems,
they are very much in use even nowadays due
simplicity, low cost, robust structure and benefits
of meeting reactive power requirements in most
of the applications at fundamental frequency.
 Passive filters are extensively used in hybrid configuration
of power filters, where major portion of filtering is taken
care by passive filters.
 In medium and low power ratings especially in
distribution systems, these passive filters are again very
much in use again because of their low cost and simplicity.
 However, the requirements of the distribution systems from
passive filters are much different than high rating
applications of transmission and other applications.
 In many situations, the requirement of reactive power at
fundamental frequency is quite low and design of passive
filters becomes very challenging to reduce rms current of
the supply where dominance is of the harmonics currents.
STATE OF ART ON PASSIVE POWER FILTERS
The PPF technology is matured for providing
compensation for harmonics currents, reactive power in
ac networks since long.
Passive filters are also used to eliminate voltage
harmonics, to regulate terminal voltage, to suppress
voltage flicker and to improve voltage balance in three-
phase systems.

These wide ranges of objectives are achieved either

individually or in combination depending upon the
requirements and configuration which have to be
selected appropriately.
Passive filters are classified based on (i) tuned and damped, (ii)
connection such as series and parallel/shunt, and (iii) supply system as
single-phase (two-wire), three-phase three-wire and four-wire
configurations to meet, the requirements of various types of non-linear
loads on supply systems.

Single-phase loads such as domestic lights, ovens, television sets,

computer power supplies, air conditioners, laser printers and xerox
machines behave as non-linear loads and cause power quality
problems.

Single-phase (two-wire) passive filters are investigated in varying

configurations to meet the needs of single-phase non-linear loads.

Many configurations of PPF such as the passive series filter, the

passive shunt filter and combination of shunt and series filters have
been developed and commercialized to meet varying requirements of
nonlinear loads.
In, distribution systems, four wire systems are very
important for balancing the ac network and to take
advantages of three-phase supply systems and to meet the
requirements of distributed single-phase loads.

In such conditions, additional problems not of load

balancing but neutral current is also important, which has
to be taken care by proper design of passive filters.
In majority cases, shunt passive filters have been considered
more appropriate to mitigate the harmonics currents and partially to
meet reactive power requirement of these loads and to relieve ac
network from this problem especially current fed types of nonlinear
loads (thyristor converters with constant current dc load).

However, in voltage fed types of loads (diode rectifiers with dc

capacitive filter), passive series filters are considered better for
blocking of harmonics currents.

There are many such situations which need power passive filters
but varying configurations therefore, an exhaustive study of these
power passive filters is considered very much relevant.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE FILTERS
 Passive filters can be classified based on topologies, connections
and the number of phases.
 The topology can be tuned and damped to act as low pass and high
pass for shunt filters Or to act as low block and high block for
series filters.

 These PPFs may be connected in shunt, series or a combination of

both for compensating different types of nonlinear loads.

 Third classification is based on the number of phases such as two

wire (single-phase) and three or four wire three-phase nonlinear
loads with these supply systems.
 Topology Based Classification
 PPF can be classified based on the topology used as tuned and
damped filters and normally employed as a combination of
them.
 shows passive tuned filters for shunt and series configurations
of passive filters and most widely used to eliminate current
harmonics and for reactive power compensation.
 It is mainly used at the load end because current harmonics are
injected by non-linear loads. It injects equal compensating
currents, opposite in phase, to cancel harmonics and/or reactive
components of the non-linear load current at the point of
connection.
 It can also provide the reactive power in the power system
network for improving the voltage profile.
 It is connected before the load in either in
shunt or series with ac mains depending upon
the requirements of the nonlinear load for
elimination of current harmonics and to
regulate the terminal voltage of the load.
Connections Based Classification

PPF can be classified based on the topology used as

series or shunts filters and use a combination of both.

Combinations of passive series and passive shunt

filtering are known as hybrid filters.

It is mainly used at the load end because current

harmonics are injected by non-linear loads
 Shunt Filters
 Passive shunt filters are connected in parallel with harmonic
producing loads to provide low impedance paths for harmonics
currents so that these harmonics currents do not enter supply systems
and are confined to flow in to these local passive circuits preferably
consisting of lossless passive elements such as inductors (L) and
capacitors (C) to reduce losses in the filter system.

 Practically, capacitors may have very low internal power losses;

however, inductors have reasonable resistance and other losses (core
loss if core is made of ferromagnetic material). Therefore, losses in
the inductors can not be neglected and considered as an equivalent
resistance connected in series with the inductors.
It is also represented in terms of quality factor of the
inductor

It can be a notch filter sharply tuned at one particular

frequency, which also known as single tuned filter.

 It is a simple series RLC circuit, in which R is the

resistance of the inductor

Since the value of the capacitor also known the size of the filter,
is decided by the reactive power requirements of the loads and its
inductor value is decided by the tuned frequency.
Notch filter provide harmonics current and voltage reduction and
power factor correction because of capacitive reactive power at
fundamental frequency as this filter circuit behaves as capacitive
impedance at fundamental frequency.

The resistance of the reactor (inductor) decides the sharpness of

tuning and responsible to limit the harmonic current flow in to the
passive filter.

Normally, these notch filters are used at more than one tuned
frequency and may have more than one series RLC circuit for
multiple harmonics

Two tuned filters is combined in to one circuit and known as

double tuned or double band pass filter.
The main advantage of the double tuned filter is in
high voltage applications, because of reduction in
number of inductors to be subjected to full line impulse
voltages.

More than two tuned filters (triple and quadruple)

can be combined in to one, but there is no specific
advantage is achieved and difficulty in adjustment.
Moreover, more than two tuned filters are rarely used
in practice and only in few applications.
Other types of passive filters known as high pass filters to suck
all higher order harmonics.

They are also know damped filters as they provide damping due
a resistor present in the circuit.

These filters have higher losses, but fortunately at high

frequencies not much higher currents and power losses are there in
the loads.

It can first order simple series RC circuit. It helps to improve

the voltage profile at the point of common coupling (PCC) even
for very high frequencies.

It consists of an external resistor in parallel to the inductor and

a capacitor connected in series with RL circuit
3rd order high pass filters are also used sometimes to
reduce the losses and better filtering characteristics.

Passive filters have problems of resonance with source

impedance, fixed compensation and poor power factor at light
loads due to excessive leading reactive power injection.
Single-Phase Tuned Shunt Passive Filters
Zs

is

C3 C5 Ch

vs Nonlinear
AC L3 L5 Lh Rh Loads
Mains
PHSh
 Series Filters

• Passive series filters are connected in series

with harmonic producing loads to provide high
impedance for blocking harmonic current so
that these harmonics currents do not enter
supply systems preferably consisting of
parallel connected lossless passive elements
such as inductors (L) and capacitors (C) to
reduce losses in the filter system.
It is a simple parallel LC circuit, in which R is the resistance of
the inductor.

At fundamental frequency, the filter is designed to offer very

low impedance, thereby to allowing the fundamental current with
negligible voltage drop and losses.

Series filters are used to block single harmonic current such as

third harmonic current.

These are used in small power ratings in single-phase system to

block dominant third harmonic current.
For blocking multiple harmonics currents, multiple harmonics
filters, which are required to be connected in series.

It may also have high block filter with parallel LC circuit and
resistance in series with the capacitor.

Such configuration of multiple series connected filters has

significant series voltage drop and losses at fundamental
frequency.

Moreover, these filters must be designed to carry full rated

load current with over current protection. Moreover, at
fundamental frequency it consumes lagging reactive power
resulting in further voltage drop.
Therefore, shunt filter is much cheaper than a series filter for
equal effectiveness. Therefore, series filters are much less in use
compared to passive shunt filters.

However, single-phase series filters as single tuned frequency to

block third harmonic current are quite popular in voltage fed type
nonlinear small power rating loads.
Single-Phase Passive-Series Filter
 Hybrid Filters

• Both passive shunt and passive series filters have some

drawbacks as mentioned above if they are used
individually.
• However, a passive hybrid filter consisting of a single
tuned passive series filter with a single tuned passive shunt
and a high pass passive shunt filter, has offered a very good
filtering characteristics.
• A single tuned passive series filter is able to block
resonance between supply and passive shunt filter and able
to absorb excess reactive power of the passive shunt filter
at light load conditions.
This type of hybrid passive filter offers very good filtering
characteristics under varying loads.

Similarly other types of passive hybrid filter such as low pass

broadband filter is considered a good option, which consists of
leakage reactance of series transformer for stepping down the
voltage for the load and then a capacitor at the load offers good
filtering characteristics with a low cut off frequency and
preventing harmonics penetrating to high voltage side above this
cut off frequency.

A combination of passive shunt filter and small series active

filter is considered a low cost ideal hybrid filter for many large
power rating applications.
 Supply System Based Classification

Two Wire PPFs

•Two wire (single-phase) PPFs are used in all three modes as series, shunt, and a
combination of both as hybrid PPF. show three configurations of series, shunt and a
combination of both of passive filters.
 
Three Wire PFs
•Three-phase, three wire non-linear loads such as ASDs are one of the major
applications of solid state power converters and lately many ASDs, etc. incorporate
active filters in their front and design. A large number of publications have appeared
on three wire PPFs with different configurations. In three wire PPFs, with three wires
on the ac side and two wires on the dc side.
 
Four Wire PFs
•A large number of single-phase loads may be supplied from three-phase mains with
neutral conductor. They cause excessive neutral current, harmonic and reactive power
burden and unbalance. To reduce these problems, four wire PFs have been attempted.
 Power Quality Improvement Using Power Filters
Power Filters

Passive Filters Active Filters Hybrid Filters

Shunt Series Shunt Series Passive-Passive Active-Active

Active-Passive
 Power Quality Improvement Using Power Filters

Hybrid Filters

Single-Phase Three-Phase Three-Wire Three-Phase Four-Wire

Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Active Active-Active

Passive-Active Passive-Active Passive-Active

FIG. 1 - Classification of Hybrid Filters for Power Quality Improvements.

 Passive Filters

 Harmonic reduction
 Reactive power compensation

Resonance with line impedance

Heavy and bulky
Single-Phase Tuned Shunt Passive Filters

Zs

is

C3 C5 Ch

vs Nonlinear
AC L3 L5 Lh Rh Loads
Mains
PHSh
 Tuned Shunt Passive Filters for
Three-Phase Three-Wire

vsa Zsa

isa
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
isb Loads
vsc Zsc

isc PFSha PFShb PFShc

C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch

L5 L7 Lh Rh L5 L7 Lh Rh L5 L7 Lh Rh
 Tuned Series Passive Filters for
Single-Phase Systems

Zs
C3 C5 Ch Rh

is L3 L5 Lh

AC vs PHSS
Nonlinear
Mains
Loads
 Tuned Series Passive Filters for
Three-phase Three-Wire

vsa Zsa Ch Rh PF
C5 C7
SSa
isa L5 L7 Lh
vsb Zsb
C5 C7 Ch Rh PF Three-Phase
SSb Three-Wire
isb Nonlinear
L5 L7 Lh
Loads
vsc Zsc C5 C7 Ch R
h PFSSc

isc Lh
L5 L7
 Tuned Series Passive Filters
For 3-ph 4-wire system

vsa Zsa Ch Rh PF
C3 C5
ssa
isa L3 L5 Lh a
vsb Zsb
C3 C5 Ch Rh PF Three-Phase
n ssb b Four-Wire
isb Nonlinear
L3 L5 Lh
Loads
vsc Zsc C3 C5 Ch R
h PFssc c
isc Lh
L3 L5
n
 Passive Hybrid Filters
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss) and

Passive-Shunt (PFsh) Filters
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and

Passive-Series (PFss) Filters
 PFss1 PFss2
Zs

is
vs Non linear
PFsh loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PF ss1), Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and

Passive-Series (PFss2) Filters
PFss
Zs

is
vs PFsh2 Non linear
PFsh1
loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PF sh1), Passive-Series (PFss)

and Passive-Shunt (PFsh2) Filters
 Purpose of harmonic filters
1. Reduce harmonic voltages and currents in the ac power network to
acceptable levels
2. To provide all or part of the reactive power consumed by the
converter.
The dc harmonic filters serve only to reduce harmonics on the dc line

Classification of filters
3. Location
4. Connection of circuit
5. Sharpness of tuning
6. The number of frequencies of their resonances
Location:
Filters can be located on both ac and dc sides of converters.
Filters on the ac side may be connected either on primary side or
tertiary winding. Filters never connected on the secondary that is
on the side of valves in the case of HVDC.
Connection of circuit
 harmonics may be impeded in passing from (a) the converter to
the power network or line by a high series impedance (b) diverted
by a low shunt impedance (c) both

 The series filter must carry full current of the main circuit and
must be insulated throughout for full voltage to ground
 The shunt filter can be grounded at one end and carries only the
harmonic current for which it is tuned plus a fundamental current
much smaller than that of the main circuit.
 Hence shunt filter is much cheaper than a series filter of equal
effectiveness.
 Shunt filter supplies needed reactive power but series filter
consumes it
Sharpness of tuning:
2 kinds of filters are used
(a) Tuned filter which is sharply tuned to one or two of the lower
harmonic frequencies such as fifth and seventh
(b) Damped filter (low Q filter) which is shunt connected offers low
impedance over a broad band of frequencies for 7th and higher
harmonics. This is called high pass filter.

Damped filter
Tuned filter
Cost of filters
The total cost of the filters is (5-15)% of the total cost of the terminal
equipment in case of HVDC system.

Effect of network impedance on filtering

Converter approximates a constant voltage harmonic source on the dc side and

a constant current harmonic source on the ac side.

The converter is a low impedance harmonic source on the dc side and high
impedance harmonic source on the ac side

The harmonic current Ihc is assumed to be known. It is divided into two paths as
shown in figure.
1. If the network impedance were nil to harmonics Zhn=0 and Ihn=Ihc. Shunt
filters would have no effect.
All the harmonics generated by the converter would enter the network.
Filtering appears to be perfect if we see with voltage and bad if we judge with
current. So this assumption is unrealistic.
If it is true, we have to prefer series filtering elements.
2. If the network has infinity impedance. All the harmonic current generated by
network pass through a filter . Filtering would be perfect if it is judged by
current, and could be good if it is judged by voltage.
3. Network and filter are in parallel resonance. The resulting impedance would
be a high resistance.Vh, Ihn, Ihf all would be high. Indeed the harmonic
network current and voltage would be increased by filter.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF PASSIVE
POWER FILTERS

 The basic principles of operation of passive

power filters may be explained through their
objective locations, connections, quality,
sharpness, rating, size, cost, detuning,
applications and other factors.
Location
These passive filters are located very close to the loads either on ac or dc lines. Most
of the time these passive filters are connected at PCC where loads are connected
however, sometimes they are connected tertiary winding of the transformer designed
for this purpose at optimum voltage to reduce the cost and to increase effectiveness
because of properly designed leakage reactance of this tertiary winding.
Moreover, these passive filters may be used for high voltage harmonic producing
loads which require transformers and tertiary winding of the same transformer is
designed to use these passive filters.

Connection and Configuration

These passive filters are used in shunt, series and hybrid configurations. The passive
shunt filters, which are connected in shunt or parallel to the harmonic producing
loads or network, consist of series RLC circuits tuned at slight less frequency at
which they have suck harmonic current.

For multiple harmonics, multiple tuned series RLC circuits are used to absorb these
harmonics currents
Sharpness of Tuning of Passive Filter
 This is one of the important properties of the passive filters. It is
quantified in terms a quality factor of the inductor (Q) and known as
sharpness of tuning of the passive filter.
 A passive shunt filter is considered to be tuned corresponding to a
frequency at which its inductive reactance is equal to its capacitive
reactance
Cost of Passive Filter
 The cost of the passive filter is reasonable and sometimes it reaches
15% to 20% of the equipment for which it is used therefore the
design of passive filter has to consider the cost factor in to account
while designing these passive filters.
 Moreover, it has some power losses, which also must be considered
in its design. The cost of the passive filter may also be partially
supplemented to reactive power supplied by it.
 Limitations of Passive Filters
 These passive filters are not adaptable to varying system conditions and
remain rigid once they are installed in a application. The size and tuned
frequency cannot be altered easily.
 The change in operating conditions of the system may result in detuning of
the filter and it may cause increased distortion. Such a change may happen
undetected provided there is online detection or monitoring in the system.
 The design of the passive filter is reasonably affected by source
impedance. For an effective filter design, its impedance must be less than
source impedance. It may cause in large size of the filter in stiff system
with low source impedance, which may result in overcompensation of
reactive power. This overcompensation may cause over voltage in
switching in and under voltage at switching out the passive filter.
 These passive filters are designed with large number of elements and
loss/damage of some of the elements may change its resonant frequencies.
This may result an increased in distortion above the permissible limits.
 In case large filters, the power losses may be substantial because of
resistive elements.
 Limitations of Passive Filters
 The parallel resonance due to interaction between source and filter can
cause amplification of some characteristic and non characteristic
harmonics. Such problems enforce the constraints on the designer in
selecting tuned frequency for avoiding such resonances.
 The size of damped filter becomes large in handling the fundamental
and harmonic frequencies.
 The environmental effects such as aging, deterioration, temperature
change detune the filters in random manner.
 In some cases even a presence of small dc component and even
harmonics current may cause saturation of the reactors of the filter.
 A special switching is required in switching in and switching out of
passive filters to avoid the switching transients.
 The grounded neutral of star connected capacitor banks may cause
amplification of third harmonic currents in some cases.
 Special protective and monitoring devices are required in passive
filters.
Cost of Passive Filter
The cost of the passive filter is reasonable and sometimes it reaches 15% to
20% of the equipment for which it is used therefore the design of passive filter
has to consider the cost factor in to account while designing these passive
filters.

Moreover, it has some power losses, which also must be considered in its
design. The cost of the passive filter may also be partially supplemented to
reactive power supplied by it.

These filters are sometimes designed based on minimum filter or minimum

cost filter. A minimum filter is a minimum capital cost filter, which adequately
reduces harmonics at least cost with some or part of reactive power.

A minimum cost filter has to consider the cost of losses along with capital
cost of the filter. Major part of the capital cost about 60% is the cost of the
power capacitors, therefore a reasonable cost reduction may be archived by
proper choice of its capacitors.
 Tuned Passive Filters
Key filter design considerations include the
following:
a) Reactive power (kVAR) requirements
b) Harmonic limitations
c) Normal system conditions, including ambient
harmonics
d) Normal harmonic filter conditions
e) Contingency system conditions, including ambient
harmonics
f) Contingency harmonic filter conditions
 Selection of Power Filters
 Nature of load (voltage fed, convert fed or mixed)

 Rating of load

 Type of supply system (single-phase, three-phase three-wire,

three-phase four-wire)

 Compensation required in currents (harmonics, reactive power,

balancing, neutral current) compensation required in voltages
(harmonics, flicker, unbalance, regulation, sag, swell, surge,
spikes, notches etc.)

 Pattern of load (fixed, variable, fluctuating)

 Level of compensation required (THD, individual harmonic
reduction meeting specific standard etc.)
 Cost (low cost of passive filters to UPQC)
 Size
 Weight
 Efficiency
 Reliability (component counts)
 Environmental factors (ambient temperature, altitude,
pollution level, humidity, types of cooling etc.)
 Design of AC Filters
Major design objective of AC filters is to reduce the telephone
Interference. Various performance Indices to measure this is

• Harmonics Distortion

• Telephone Influence Factor

• Telephone Harmonics Form Factor

• IT product
 Tuned Filters
Double tuned filters

• Two single tuned filters are replaced by a double tuned filter

• This has proved more economical because it uses only one

common inductor and the power loss at fundamental
frequency is lower
 Tuned Filters
• The filter variables that can be altered by the designer are the
filter size and quality factor.
• Optimized filter size is decided by overall cost, and the effect of
the filter capacitance of filter cost
• The filter quality is selected to achieve optimal filter operation
• A larger Q reduces the filter losses and the harmonics voltage
• But it increase the risk of parallel resonance between the filter
and the network
Tuned filter

• Single tuned shunt filter circuit

• Filter Impedance
 Illustrative Examples

Q.1 A three-phase three branch shunt passive filter ( tuned 5 th, 7th and high
pass) is employed to reduce the THD of supply current and to improve
the displacement factor to unity for a three-phase 415 V, 50 Hz fed 6-
pulse thyristor bridge converter drawing 100 A constant dc current at
30º firing angle of its thyristors. Calculate (a) fundamental active power
drawn by the load, (b) fundamental reactive power drawn by the load,
(c) values of filter elements, (d) THD of supply current, and (e) THD of
load voltage, (f) the voltage, current and VA rating of the passive filter.
Let the supply has 5% source impedance mainly inductive.
• Given that, supply voltage, Vs =415/√3=239.6 V rms,
frequency of supply f=50 Hz, with a source impedance of
5% mainly inductive feeding a nonlinear load of 415 V, 50
Hz three-phase thyristor bridge converter with constant
dc current of 100 A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors.
• In this system, the load current harmonics and reactive
power compensation is provided by a three-phase three
branch shunt passive filter (PF) (5th, 7th and high pass
damped filter) to reduce the THD of the supply current
and to improve the displacement factor close to unity.
• The ac load rms current, Iload=Idc√2/√3=81.65A.
• The fundamental rms input current of thyristor bridge
converter is as, I1T=(√6/π) Iload =0.7797*100=77.98 A.
• The fundamental active component of load current, Iload1a= I1T
cosα=77.98cos30º=67.52A.
• The fundamental active power of the load, P1=3Vs1 I1T cosθ1= 3Vs1
I1T cosα=3*239.6*67.52=48536.05 W.
• The fundamental reactive power of the load, Q1=3Vs1 I1T
sinθ1=3Vs1 I1T sinα
• =3*239.6*77.98*0.5=28026.01 VAR.
• The source impedance is as, Zs=jXs=j0.05*239.6/77.98=j0.1536 Ω.
• The voltage drop in the source impedance is as,
Vzs=j67.52*0.1536=j10.37 V.
• The fundamental voltage across the load, VL=√(Vs2-
Vzs2)=239.38≈239.4 V.
• The passive shunt filter has three branch shunt passive
filter (PF) (5th, 7th and high pass damped filter). The
reactive power of 28026.01 VAR required by three-
phase thyristor rectifier has to be provided by all nine
branches of the passive shunt filter. Considering that
all branches of the passive filter has equal capacitors,
therefore, the value of this capacitor is as,
• C=Q/(9VS2ω)= 28026.01/(9*239.62*314)=172.75 µF.
• C5= C7=CH= C=172.75 µF.
• Therefore, the value of an inductor for 5rd harmonic
tuned filter is as,
• L5=1/ (ω52C5)=2.35 mH.
• The resistance of the inductor of 5th harmonic tuned
filter is as,
• R5=X5/Q5=3.687/30=0.1229 Ω. (Considering Q5=30 as it
may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the
design of the inductor)
• The 5rd harmonic current in the supply is as,
• Is5=IL5*ZPF5/(ZPF5+Zs5)= (I1T/5)R5/(R5+jXs5)=( 77.98/5)*
0.1229/√{0.12292+(5*0.1536)2}=2.4644 A.
• The 5rd harmonic voltage at PCC is as,
• Vs5= Is5*Zs5=2.4644*5*0.1536=1.893 V
• Therefore, the value of an inductor for 7rd harmonic
tuned filter is as,
• L7=1/ (ω72C7)=1.198 mH.
• The resistance of the inductor of 7th harmonic tuned
filter is as,
• R7=X7/Q7=2.634/30=0.08779 Ω. (Considering Q7=30
as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon
the design of the inductor)
• The 7rd harmonic current in the supply is as,
• Is7=IL7*ZPF7/(ZPF7+Zs7)= (Iload1/7)R7/(R7+jXs7)=( 77.98/7)*
0.08779/√{0.087792+(7*0.1536)2}=0.9066A.
• The 5rd harmonic voltage at PCC is as,
• Vs7= Is7*Zs7=0.9066*7*0.1536=0.975 V
• The value of an inductor for high pass damped
harmonic filter (tuned at 11h harmonic) is as,
• LH=1/ (ω112CH)=0.4852 mH.
• The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a
high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is as,
• RH=XH/QH=1.676/5=0.3352 Ω. (Considering
QH=5 as it may be in the range of 0.5-5
depending upon the attenuation required)
• All other harmonics load currents to flow in to
high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
• ILH=√[ Iload2- I1T2- I52-I72]= √[81.652-77.982-
(77.98/5)2-(77.98/7)2]= √218.51=14.78 A.
• IsH=ILH*ZPFH/(ZPFH+ZsH)= (ILH)RH/(RH+jXsH)=(14.78)*
0.3352 /√{0.33522+(11*0.1536)2}=2.877 A.
• The high pass harmonic voltage at PCC is as,
• VsH= IsH*ZsH=2.877*11*0.1536=4.86 V
• THDIs={√(Is52+Is72+ISH2)/Is1}=0.05769=5.769%.
• THDVs=[√{(Xs5Is52+(Xs7Is7)2+(XsHISH)2}/
Vs1]=0.022146=2.2146%.
• The current rating of the passive shunt filter is as,
• IPF==√[ Iload2- Iload1a2-Is52-Is72-IsH2]=45.7449A.
• The VA rating of the passive shunt filter is as,
• VAPF=3VPF*IPF=3*239.6*45.7449=32881.46 VA.
Q.2 A single-phase diode bridge rectifier is supplied from 230V, 50 Hz ac
mains The dc load resistance is R =50 Ohms and load inductance is
L=10mH. (a) Design a DC side LC (Inductive- Capacitive) filter so that
the ripple factor of the output voltage is less than 10%.

Solution: Given that, supply rms voltage, Vs = 230 V, frequency of supply f=50
Hz, R=50Ω, L=10mH, Ripple Factor, RF=10%.
In the filter equivalent circuit of the converter system, the diode bridge
generates harmonics in output voltage which flows through output filter
(LdcCdc) and the load. To reduce the ripple in the output voltage, major amount
of ripple (harmonics) must flow the filter capacitor. For this, the load
impedance for these harmonics must be very high. It means analytically as.
{R2+(nωL) 2}½>>1/(nωCdc).
Considering the case, that load impedance is ten times the filter impedance as.
{R2+(nωL) 2}½=10/(nωCdc)
The nth harmonic voltage appearing across the load is computed as.
Vdcn=[-1/( nωCdc)/{(nωLdc)- 1/(nωCdc)}]Vnh=[-1/{(nω)2LdcCdc-1] Vnh
Where Vnh is the harmonics present in the diode rectifier output.
The total ripple voltage caused by all harmonics is as.
Vac= (∑Vdcn2)½ for n=2,4,6,….
In this case, only dominant harmonic may be considered to limit the total
harmonics as all other are lower than the dominant one. Considering, the second
harmonic, which is dominant one. The rms value of it is as. V 2h=4Vsm/(3π√2). Its
mean voltage is as. Vdc=2Vsm/π.
For second harmonic, N=2, it results in as.
Vac=Vdc2=[-1/{(2ω)LdcCdc-1}}V2h
The value of the filter capacitor is computed as.
{R2+(2ωL) 2}½=10/(2ωCdc) or Cdc=10/[4π f{R2+(2ωL) 2}½]=317.85µF
The ripple factor RF is as.
RF=Vac/Vdc=V2h/[Vdc{(4π f)2LdcCdc-1}]=(√2)/[3{(4π f)2LdcCdc-1}]=0.1
It results in as.
(4π f)2LdcCdc-1=4.714 or Ldc=45.58mH.
Ldc idc

zs
is
R
vs vdc
Cdc L

Rectifier with DC Side LC filter and performance waveforms

Q.3 A single-phase, 220V, 50 Hz ac mains is feeding a thyristor bridge
converter drawing 25 A constant dc current operating at 30º firing angle of
its thyristors. If an input ac LC filter (L, inductor in series with line and C,
capacitor in parallel to the input of the converter) is used to reduce the
harmonics in ac mains and improve the displacement factor. Calculate the
capacitor, C value for unity displacement factor at the converter input then
the inductor, L value for total harmonic current in ac mains is less than 5%
of the fundamental ac mains current.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs =220 V rms, frequency of supply f=50 Hz,
with a single-phase thyristor bridge converter with constant dc current of 25 A
at 30º firing angle of its thyristors.
The ac load rms current, Iload=Idc=25A.
Fundamental rms input current of the thyristor bridge converter is as, I
load1=(2√2/π) Iload =0.9*25=22.5 A.
Fundamental active component of load current, Iload1a= Iload1
cosα=0.9Idccos30º=19.49 A.
Fundamental active power of the load,
P1=Vs1Iload1cosθ1=Vs1Iload1cosα=Vs1Iload1a=220*19.49=4286.83 W.
Fundamental reactive power of the load, P1=Vs1Iload1 sinθ1= Vs1 Iload1 sinα
 idc

zs L

is
vs C vdc Load

Rectifier with AC Side LC filter and performance waveforms

An input ac LC filter (L, inductor in series with line and C, capacitor in parallel
to the input of the converter) is used to reduce the harmonics in ac mains and
improve the displacement factor. The reactive power of 2475VAR required by
single-phase thyristor rectifier has to be provided by the capacitor, C value for
unity displacement factor at the converter input. Considering that the passive
filter has the capacitor, therefore, the value of this capacitor is as,
C=Q/(VS2ω)= 2475/(2202*314)= 162.85 µF.
For a single-phase thyristor bridge converter, IL1=4Idc/(√2π) and, ILh=4Idc/(√2hπ)=
IL1/h for h=3,5,7,…..
From the equivalent circuit for the hth harmonic component, (shown in Fig.
E4.5), the rms value of the hth harmonic current appearing in the ac mains using
the current divider rule is as,
Ish=│{1/(hωC)}/[hωL-{1/(hωC)}]│ILh==│1/{(hω)2LC-1}│ILh
The total amount of harmonics current in the ac mains is as,
This equation can be solved for the LC values. For simplification, only third
harmonic is considered then, it simplifies as,
3{(3x2πx50)2LC-1}/(ω2LC-1)=1/0.05=20 or LC=24.632x10-6
This filter resonance frequency is ωr=1/√(LC)=201.49 rad/sec or 32.08 Hz. Taking,
for unity displacement at converter input, C1=Q/(VS2ω)= 2475/(2202*314)= 162.85
µF, the inductor value is as, L= 151.26 mH. This inductor, L has reactance of
47.95 Ω at 50 Hz. It will cause large voltage drop across the inductor, L.
Therefore, capacitor, C must be selected quite larger than this value to
compensate the drop in the inductor, L. Let us consider, C=2000 µF, then L=12.32
mH, which has reactance of 3.87 Ω, which may acceptable.
Q.4 In a single-phase 220V, 50 Hz system, design a single-phase three branch
shunt passive filter (PF) (3rd, 5th and high pass filter) to reduce the THD of supply
current and to improve the displacement factor to unity. It has a load of thyristor
bridge converter operating at 60º firing angle drawing constant 25A dc current.
Calculate the current rating of the passive filter to provide harmonic
compensation. Let the supply has 10% source impedance mainly inductive.

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs =220 V rms, frequency of supply f=50 Hz, with a
source impedance of 10% mainly inductive feeding a nonlinear load of 220 V, 50 Hz
single-phase thyristor bridge converter with constant dc current of 25 A at 60º firing
angle of its thyristors.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation is to be
provided by a single-phase three branch shunt passive filter (PF) (3rd, 5th and high pass
filter) to reduce the THD of supply current and to improve the displacement factor to
unity.
The ac load rms current, Iload=Idc=25A.
The fundamental rms input current of the thyristor bridge converter is as, I1T=(2√2/π) Iload
=0.9*25=22.5 A.
The fundamental active component of load current, Iload1a= Iload1
cosα=0.9Idccos60º=11.25A.
The fundamental active power of the load, P1=Vs1Iload1 cosθ1= Vs1 Iload1 cosα=Vs1
Iload1=220*11.25=2475 W.
The fundamental reactive power of the load, P1=Vs1Iload1 sinθ1= Vs1 Iload1 sin α
=220*15*0.5=4286.83 VAR.
The source impedance is as, Zs=jXs=j0.1*220/25=j0.88 Ω.
The voltage drop in the source impedance is as, Vzs= j11.25*0.88=j9.9V.
The fundamental voltage across the load, VL=√(Vs2-Vzs2)=219.78≈220V.
The passive shunt filter has branch shunt passive filter (PF) (3rd, 5th and high pass
damped filter). The reactive power of 4286.83 VAR required by single-phase
thyristor rectifier has to be provided by all three branches of the passive shunt filter.
Considering that all branches of the passive filter has equal capacitors, therefore,
the value of this capacitor is as,
C=Q/(3VS2ω)= 4286.83/(3*2202*314)= 94.02 µF.
C3=C5= CH= C=94.02 µF.
Therefore, the value of an inductor for 3rd harmonic tuned filter is as,
L3=1/ (ω32C3)=11.99 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 3th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R3=X3/Q3=11.29/50=0.2258 Ω. (Considering Q3=50 as it may be in the range of 10-100
depending upon the design of the inductor)
The 3rd harmonic current in the supply is as,
Is3=IL3*ZPF3/(ZPF3+Zs3)=
(Iload1/3)R3/(R3+jXs3)=(22.50/3)*0.2258/√{0.22582+(3*0.88)2}=0.6391A.
The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 5h harmonic) is
as,
L5=1/ (ω52C5)=4.315 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R5=X5/Q5=6.775/50=0.1355 Ω. (Considering Q3=50 as it may be in the range of 10-100
depending upon the design of the inductor)
The 5rd harmonic current in the supply is as,
Is5=IL5*ZPF5/(ZPF5+Zs5)= (Iload1/5)R5/(R5+jXs5)=(22.50/5)* 0.1355/√{0.13552+(5*0.88)2}=0.1385
A.
The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 7h harmonic) is
as,
LH=1/ (ω72CH)=2.202 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is
as,
RH=XH/QH=4.8386/5=0.96772 Ω. (Considering QH=5 as it may be in the range of 0.5-5
All other harmonics load currents to flow in to high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
ILH=√[ Iload2- I1T2- I32-I52]= √[252-22.52-(22.5/3)2-(22.5/5)2]= √43.24=6.58 A.
IsH=ILH*ZPFH/(ZPFH+ZsH)= (ILH)RH/(RH+jXsH)=( 6.58)* 0.96772 /√{0.967722+(7*0.88)2}=1.021 A.
THDIs={√(Is32+Is52+ISH2)/Is1}=0.1077=10.77%.
THDVs=[√{(Xs3Is32+(Xs5Is5)2+(XsHISH)2}/Vs1]=0.026149=2.62%.
IPF=√[ Iload2- Iload1a2- Is32-Is52-IsH2]=22.29 A.

idc
zs
is
L3 Ch
L5
vs vdc Load
C3 C5 Lh Rh

Rectifier with AC Side filter and performance waveforms

Q.5 A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is supplied from 415V, 50 Hz ac mains
as shown in Fig. 5. The dc load resistance is R =10 Ohms and load inductance is
10mH. (a) Design a DC side LC (Inductive- Capacitive) filter so that the ripple
factor of the output voltage is less than 10%.

Ldc

isa io
zs
isb
N Cdc
isc vdc
vs V

Fig. 5 Rectifier with DC Side filter and performance waveforms

Solution : Given that, supply rms voltage, Vs = 415 V, frequency of
supply f=50 Hz, R=10Ω, L=10mH, Ripple Factor, RF=10%.
In the filter equivalent circuit of the converter system, the diode bridge
generates harmonics in output voltage which flows through output filter
(LdcCdc) and the load. To reduce the ripple in the output voltage, major
amount of ripple (harmonics) must flow the filter capacitor. For this, the
load impedance for these harmonics must be very high. It means
analytically as.
{R2+(nωL) 2}½>>1/(nωCdc).
Considering the case, that load impedance is ten times the filter
impedance as. {R2+(nωL) 2}½=10/(nωCdc)
The nth harmonic voltage appearing across the load is computed as.
Vdcn=[-1/( nωCdc)/{(nωLdc)- 1/(nωCdc)}]Vnh=[-1/{(nω)2LdcCdc-1] Vnh
Where Vnh is the harmonics present in the diode rectifier output.
The total ripple voltage caused by all harmonics is as.
Vac= (∑Vdcn2)½ for n=6,12,18,….
In this case, only dominant harmonic may be considered to limit the total
harmonics as all other are lower than the dominant one. Considering, the
second harmonic, which is dominant one. The rms value of it is as.
V6h=6Vsm/(35π). Its mean voltage is as. Vdc=3Vsm/π.
For sixth harmonic, N=6, it results in as.
Vac=Vdc6=[-1/{(6ω)2LdcCdc-1}}V6h
The value of the filter capacitor is computed as.
{R2+(6ωL) 2}½=10/(6ωCdc) or Cdc=10/[12π f{R2+(6ωL) 2}½]=248.85µF
The ripple factor RF is as.
RF=Vac/Vdc=V6h/[Vdc{(12π f)2LdcCdc-1}]=(2)/[35{(12πf)2LdcCdc-1}]=0.1
It results in as.
(12πf)2LdcCdc-1=1.75 or Ldc=3.11mH.
Q. 6 A passive filter system is to be designed for a 12-pulse converter HVDC station
rated at 110 kV, 100 MW dc, operating at =15, connected to a 275 kV, 50 Hz ac
system via a converter transformer of reactance of 15% as shown in Fig. If rated voltage
is obtained with =15, then transformer ratio must be 275/83 kV. A passive shunt
filter system (consisting of a C-type filter tuned at 12th harmonic and a shunt tuned
filter arm at 19th harmonic) is connected on the primary winding side rated at 50 MVAR
total. Consider 90% of this reactive power is to be provided by C-type filter. Calculate
voltage distortion and THD of ac current.

isa
zs
io
isc isb
vs
zs Load
N
zs vo

L19 Ca
Lh R h
AC Filters
C19
Cm

Fig. 12 pulse HVDC converter station with single phase tuned filter and C-type filter
and performance waveforms
Solution : Given that, an ac mains rms voltage, V s=275 kV, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, a
12-pulse converter HVDC station is rated at 110 kV, 100 MW dc, operating at =15, connected
to a 275 kV, 50 Hz ac system via a converter transformer of reactance of 15%. A passive shunt
filter system (consisting of a C-type filter tuned at 12 th harmonic and a shunt tuned filter arm at
19th harmonic) is connected on the primary winding side rated at 50 MVAR total. Consider 90%
of this reactive power is to be provided by the C-type filter.
The base impedance is as,
ZB=VL2/P=(275*103)2/(100*106)=756.25 Ω.
Xs=0.15* ZB=0.15*756.25=113.475 Ω.
The C-type filter is a high-pass filter with the capacitor Ca connected in series with the reactor X.
Its capacitive reactance is to be equal to the inductive reactance of X at the fundamental
frequency. The series connection of Ca and X avoids the fundamental frequency current to flow
through R and it reduces power losses in the filter. The C-type filter may also be tuned to a low
frequency than a conventional high-pass filter and it may provide a harmonic attenuation at its
tuned frequency. As the C-type filter provides adequate attenuation at higher frequencies, by
addition of a single-tuned filter order of 19th harmonic may brought harmonic level within the
permissible limits. Here, a single tuned filter is tuned at hT =19 to reduce a sufficient amount of
the 23th and 25th harmonic currents without shifting the parallel resonance into lower
frequencies. The C-type filter also has low initial cost, the low losses, superior non-characteristic
harmonics and inter-harmonics damping, better damping of energizing transient, and higher
robustness against tuning uncertainties compared to conventional tuned and high-pass filter
system. The parameters of C-type filter can be obtained as follows.
From the reactive power supplied by the C-type filter, (Q), the value of CM, is
calculated as,
XCM=VL2/Q=(275*103)2/(0.9*50*106)=1680.55 Ω.
and CCM=1/(XCM*ω)=1/(1680.55*2*π*50)=1.894 µF.
L=X/ω= VL2/{Q*ω*(hT2-1)}= (275*103)2/{(0.9*50*106)*(2*π*50)*(122-
1)}=0.037408=37.41 mH.
X= ω*L=11.746 Ω.
Ca=1/(X*ω)= 1/(L*ω2)=271.1276 µF.
R=q*VL2/(Q*hT)= 2*(275*103)2/{(0.9*50*106)*12}=280.093 Ω. (Considering a quality
factor, q of order of 2).
A passive shunt single tuned filter is tuned at hT =19 and its design parameters
are as.
It is to provide only 10% of the total reactive power of 50 MVAR.
L19=VL2/{Q*ω*(hT2-1)}= (275*103)2/{(0.1*50*106)*(2*π*50)*(192-1)}=0.037408=133.73
mH.
C19= (hT2-1)*Q/{VL2*ω*hT2}=(192
1)*(0.1*50*106)/{(275*103)2*(2*π*50)*(192)}=0.2098698 µF.
The resistance of 19th order passive shunt tuned filter is as,
R19= hTωL/q=19*(2*π*50)*0.13378/50=15.964 Ω.
Thank You