Physics 110

Biological physics
Dr Alaa S Hamid
professor of Physics

1
 Physics 110
Kinematics
•Units and dimensions

•Prefixes

•vector and scaler quantities

 Units and Dimensions
 Basic units MKS unit symbol
1. Length meter m
 The first three
2. Mass kilogram Kg units are called
3. Time second s [MKS] unit
-----------------------------------------------------------
4. Illumination candela cd
5. Electric current ampere A
6. Temperature kelvin K
7. Quantity of
Substance mole mol
  Derived units
Derived units  Have more than one unit

 Area m2
 Volume m3
 Speed ms-1
 Velocity ms-1
 Acceleration ms-2
 Gravity ms-2
 Momentum kg · m.s-1
 Force (N) Kg.m.s-2
 Energy (J) Kg m2 s-2
 Pressure (Pa) Kg m-1 s-2
 example:
show what is the following units
1. The force F= mass x gravity
kg m s-2 = m.kg.s-2

2. The energy= x mass x (velocity)2

2
kg (m s-1 ) =Kg.m2s-2

3. The pressure= force / area

kg x ms-2 / m2 = Kg m-1 s-2

4. The momentum = mass x velocity = kg m s-1

kg m s-1 = kg m s-1
 example:
show what is the following units
 Viscosity = force/(velocity x distance)
 = kg m s-2/ m s-1 x m
= Kg m-1 s-1
 Surface tension = force /length
 = kg m s-2/ m
 = kg s-2
 Refractive index = angle /angle
 = degree/ degree
 = non
 Frequency = velocity / length
 = m s-1/ m
 = s-1  = Hz
SI Prefixes
 SI Prefixes

Big prefixes Little prefixes

kilo k 10 3 pico p 10-12

-9
mega M 10 6 nano n 10
-6
giga G 10 9 micro µ 10
-3
tera T 10 12 milli m 10
-2
centi c 10
 Vector and scalar quantities
Vector - quantity that defined by both magnitude (size)
and direction
Scalar - quantity that defined by magnitude only
Vectors: Scalars:
• Displacement • Distance
• Velocity • Speed
• Acceleration • Time
• Momentum • Mass
• Force • Energy
 Mass vs. Weight
Mass
• Scalar (no direction)
• Measures the amount of matter in an object
Weight
• Vector (points toward center of Earth)
• Force of gravity on an object
On the moon, your mass does not change, but
the magnitude of your weight would be less.
 Chapter 1
kinematics

Is that part of mechanics which is

concerned with he description of motion
PowerPoint
Presentations for
Physics for
the Life
Sciences

Adapted for the

Third Edition by
Philip Backman
University of
New Brunswick
Kinematics

Chapter 2
 kinematics
Kinematics:
 It is that part of mechanics which is concerned with the
description of motion.

 Coordinate System

 Distance & Displacement

 Speed & Velocity

 Acceleration
Coordinate System
 1, 2 and 3 dimensions

One dimension
x

Three dimension
Two dimension Z

y
y

x x
 There are two kinds of graphs
 Position position graph  Position time graph

Where there are two axes (x

Where the position axes is
and Y) perpendicular two
perpendicular to the time
each other
axis.
 Where there are two axes (x and Y) perpendicular two each other.
Therefore we define the points by two numbers. For example the bus
stop is at (250,0), the students center is at (0,0). And the classroom
is at point ((-120,120)
2-18
Concept Question

The graph shows the x-position of an object as a

function of time. If the object moves to the right,
the x-position increases. If the object moves to

2-19
the left, the x-position decreases.
Distance & Displacement
 Kinematics definitions
 Position (x)
 Where you are located at spacial points.
 A point in a space defined by the location and
direction.
 Distance (d )
 The length of path between two points
 Or
 How far you have traveled, regardless of
direction
 Displacement (x)
 The vector equivalent for distance
 Or
 It specifies the distance and direction of one
point relative to another
 Or
 where you are in relation to where you
started
 Distance vs. Displacement
 You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 6 miles
(your distance).
 Your displacement is the shorter directed distance from
start to stop (green arrow).

3m 1m 2m

start 6m

• Distance = 12 m
• Displacement = 0 m

stop
Speed and velocity
 Speed & Velocity
 Speed (v) =v
 How fast you go
 A scaler measure of the rate of motion
 Velocity (v) = v
 how fast and which way, the rate at which
position changes
 A vector measure of rate of motion
 Units of speed velocity is
[m/s]
 Average speed ( v )

 distance / time
 Average speed =Total distance /total time
 Average speed = 0.5 x (initial speed + final speed )

 vav = (vi + vf ) / 2
g
vf

Vav

 Average velocity Vav g

 Initial velocity Vi Vi

 Final velocity vf
 Speed vs. Velocity
 Speed is a scalar
 (how fast something is moving regardless of its direction).
Ex: v = 20 m/s
 Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
 Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.
 Ex: v = 20 m/s at 15 south of west
 The symbol for speed is v.
 The symbol for velocity is type written in bold: v
or hand written with an arrow: v
 Speed vs. Velocity
 During your 8 meters trip, which took 2 second.,
your speedometer displays your instantaneous
speed, which varies throughout the trip.
 Your average speed is= 8/2 = 4 m/s.
 Your average velocity is 4 m/s in a SE direction.
 At any point in time, your velocity vector points
tangent to your path.
 The faster you go, the longer your velocity vector.
Acceleration
 Acceleration
Acceleration – how fast you speed up, slow down, or change
direction; it’s the rate at which velocity changes. Two
examples:
Acceleration = )final velocity – initial velocity(/time
t (s) v (mph) t (s) v (m/s)
0 55 0 34
1 57 1 31
2 59 2 28
3 61 3 25

m/s m/s
a = +2 s = +2 m/s 2 a = -3 s = -3 m/s2
 Velocity & Acceleration Sign Chart
VELOCITY

A
C
+ -
C
E
L + Moving forward;
Speeding up
Moving backward;
Slowing down
E
R
A
T

-
Moving forward; Moving backward;
I
O Slowing down Speeding up
N
 Different cases of acceleration
1. If the velocity increases the acceleration is +ve

2. If the velocity decreases the acceleration is –ve

3. If the velocity is constant the acceleration = zero

4. If the speed is constant and the car moves in circular path

then: the acceleration is not zero.

5. If the speed is constant, the velocity may be constant.

6. If the velocity is constant, the speed should be constant.

Equation of motion
Equation of motion
Equation of motion
Equation of motion