CLOUD

COMPUTING
FOR BEGINNERS
 Definition and Essential Characteristics
of Cloud Computing

History and Evolution of Cloud

Computing
OVERVIEW
Key Considerations for Cloud
OF CLOUD Computing
COMPUTING
Key Cloud Service Providers and Their
Services

Cloud Adoption
 What is Cloud Computing ?

• Different perspectives
• Properties and characteristics
• Benefits from cloud computing
AGENDA
Service and deployment models

• Three service models

• Four deployment models
WHAT IS
CLOUD
COMPUTING ?
What do they say ?
CLOUD DISCLAIMERS
 Talk from Oracle CEO Larry Ellison
 We’ve redefined Cloud Computing to include everything that we already
do. I don’t understand what we would do differently other than change the
wording of some of our ads.
 Talk from Rich Stallman
 It's stupidity. It's worse than stupidity: it's a marketing hype campaign.
Somebody is saying this is inevitable – and whenever you hear somebody
saying that, it's very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make
it true.
CLOUD DEFINITIONS
 Definition from NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology)
 Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
 This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five
essential characteristics, three service models, and four
deployment models.
CLOUD DEFINITIONS
 Definition from Wikipedia
 Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared
resources, software, and information are provided to computers
and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.
 Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically
scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service
over the Internet.
CLOUD DEFINITIONS
 Definition from Whatis.com
 The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to
represent the Internet in flowcharts and diagrams. Cloud computing is a general
term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
CLOUD DEFINITIONS
 Definition from Berkeley
 Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as
services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software
in the datacenters that provide those services.
 The services themselves have long been referred to as Software as
a Service (SaaS), so we use that term. The datacenter hardware
and software is what we will call a
Cloud.
 When a Cloud is made available
in a pay-as-you-go manner to the
public…… The service being sold is
Utility Computing.
CLOUD DEFINITIONS
 Definition from Buyya
 A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of
interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and
presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level
agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and
consumers.
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
 In a simple term, cloud computing provides a variety of computing resources , from servers and
storage to enterprise applications such as email, security, backup/disaster recovery, voice, all
delivered over the Internet.

 The Cloud delivers a hosting environment that is immediate, flexible, scalable, secure, and
available – while saving corporations money, time and resources.
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
 Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of network based computing
that takes place over the Internet,
 a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware, software and Internet infrastructure (called a
platform).
 Using the Internet for communication and transport provides hardware, software and networking
services to clients

 These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure from users and
applications by providing very simple graphical interface or API (Applications Programming
Interface).

13
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
 In addition, the platform provides on demand services, that are always on, anywhere, anytime
and any place.

 Pay for use and as needed, elastic

 scale up and down in capacity and functionalities

 The hardware and software services are available to

 general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets

14
 Cloud computing is a paradigm of computing, a new
way of thinking about IT industry but not any
specific technology.
 Central ideas
 Utility Computing
 SOA - Service Oriented Architecture
 SLA - Service Level Agreement
 Properties and characteristics
IN A
 High scalability and elasticity
 High availability and reliability
NUTSHEL
 High manageability and interoperability
 High accessibility and portability
 High performance and optimization
L
 Enabling techniques
 Hardware virtualization
 Parallelized and distributed computing
 Web service
PROPERTIES
AND
CHARACTER
ISTICS
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

 This cloud computing model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service

models, and four deployment models.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 The five-essential characteristic of cloud computing are:

 On Demand Self Service

 Broad Network Access

 Resource Pooling

 Rapid Elasticity

 Measured Service
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 On Demand Self-Service
 A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities or services, such as server time
application network or network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human
interaction with each service provider.
 Cloud services providers providing on Demand self services include Amazon Web Service,
Microsoft, IBM and Salesforce.com
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Broad network Access
 Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops,
and workstations).
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Resource pooling
 The provider’s computing resources are
pooled to serve multiple consumers using a
multi-tenant model, with different physical
and virtual resources dynamically assigned
and reassigned according to consumer
demand.
 Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network
bandwidth
 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Rapid Elasticity
 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale
rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.

 To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can
be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
 Measured service
 Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).

 Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both
the provider and consumer of the utilized service
EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Amazon
created AWS

2010’
s
2000’
s
IBM Google and
released VM Microsoft launched
1990’ their cloud business

s
1970’
First
Commercial s Virtual Private
Computer
Networks By
1960’ telecom company

s
1950’
s
ARPANET
EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Amazon
created AWS

2010’
s
2000’
s
IBM Google and
released VM Microsoft launched
1990’ their cloud business

s
1970’
First
Commercial s Virtual Private
Computer
Networks By
1960’ telecom company

s
1950’
s
ARPANET
EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Amazon
created AWS

2010’
s
2000’
s
IBM Google and
released VM Microsoft launched
1990’ their cloud business

s
1970’
First
Commercial s Virtual Private
Computer
Networks By
1960’ telecom company

s
1950’
s
ARPANET
KEY CONSIDERATION FOR
CLOUD COMPUTING
 If any companies haven’t embraced the Cloud technologies for the information system, there
are several things to consider while making the switch.

 Though most cloud based solution comes with abundant of positive impacts, there are several
additional issues that should be taken as part of the decision-making process

 Here are five organizational strategies that you should consider when implementing any cloud-
based solution: 
 flexibility, speed, data integration, functional ownership, and service vs. tool models.
 Flexibility

 Most cloud-based systems will give you a lot

more flexibility than traditional software
KEY solutions. Vendors of cloud technologies have
CONSIDERATI built in many options for you to map or
configure the system to your existing business
ON FOR processes. This will be helpful in ensuring you
CLOUD empower your team with the functionality
they need to do their job. Alternatively, it is
COMPUTING important to consider the impact on your team
when presented with vast configuration
options. This can often lead to uncertainty.
The key is to identify best practices in each
area, and then determine how to quickly map
to the new system.
 Speed

 In most situations, cloud-based solutions can be

implemented dramatically quicker than
KEY traditional software solutions. This often means
that you can start using the system in the real
CONSIDERATI world and quickly get feedback from your team
ON FOR on what works and what doesn’t. However, it is
important that your organization is ready to
CLOUD leverage the new technologies and are
COMPUTING comfortable in providing the right kind of
feedback. It is important that feedback is focused
on the solution, process improvement, or
elimination of non-value-added tasks. You will
want to avoid acting on “this is how we’ve
always done things” mindsets in order to uncover
more streamlined processes.
 Integration

 As we continue to build more technology

standards that allow for the exchange of data,
KEY organizations are able to pull more and more
data through the enterprise. This can reduce
CONSIDERATI data errors, increase efficiency by automating
ON FOR integrations, and enhance the ability to for a
company to implement support across
CLOUD functions. Even with improved standards, data
COMPUTING integration can be quite complex, and it is still
an area where your IT department will
typically lead strategically at the platform
level. It is important that leaders from both
business and technical sides engage in the
strategy discussions and understand the big
picture.
 Functional Ownership

 For non-IT functional areas such as marketing,

human resources, and operations, many cloud-
based solutions provide an opportunity to
KEY dramatically reduce the need for resources from
CONSIDERATI the traditional IT department. For instance, the
manufacturing trend toward Servitization puts
ON FOR new technology and data in the hands of
CLOUD departments that haven't had access traditionally.
With this new shift, it is critical that these
COMPUTING departments continue to negotiate the terms and
responsibilities of these new relationships. They
must stay engaged in the platform vision and
strategy for IT, and recognize that this new
relationship has the potential to negatively
impact the perception from the IT team as to the
priority of the project.
 Service vs. Tool

 Finally, another interesting consideration is

KEY that many cloud solutions are packaged as a
CONSIDERATI service vs. a simple software tool. These
services can allow for external support, data,
ON FOR and even industry benchmarking. With added
CLOUD benefit can come added expense, as these
services can require recurring costs and
COMPUTING impact your total cost of ownership. Your
company's specific requirements, use cases,
and initial & recurring expenses are all
important considerations when evaluating new
cloud technologies.
KEY DRIVERS FOR MOVING
TO CLOUD

Agility Flexibility

Competitiveness
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
WORKLOADS
 The cost of building and operating data centers can become astronomical

 Low initial costs and pay-as-you-go attributes of cloud computing can add up to significant
cost savings
SAAS AND DEVELOPMENT
PLATFORMS
Organizations need to consider if paying for application access is a more viable option than
purchasing off-the-shelf software and subsequently investing in upgrades

Leasing
or
Buying?
SPEED AND PRODUCTIVITY

 Organizations also need to consider

speed and productivity—what it means
for them to get a new application up and
running in ‘x’ hours on the cloud versus a
couple of weeks, even months on
traditional platforms

 And the person-hour cost efficiencies

increases from using cloud dashboards,
real-time statistics, and active analytics.
RISK EXPOSURE
 Organizations need to consider the
impact of making a wrong decision—
their risk exposure
Hardware and Software or  Is it safer for them to work on a 12-
Rent by the hour
month plan to build, write, test, and
release the code if they’re uncertain
about adoption?
 is it better for them to “try” something
new paying-as-you-go rather than
making long-term decisions based on
little or no trial or adoption?
WHAT IS CLOUD ADOPTION?
 Put simply, “the cloud” is comprised of software and services residing and operating on the Internet instead of a
local computer or on-premise network of servers. Cloud adoption is a strategy used by enterprises to improve
the scalability of Internet-based database capabilities while reducing cost and risk.
 Cloud Adoption is a strategic move by organisations of reducing cost, mitigating risk and achieving scalability
of data base capabilities. Cloud adoption may be up to various degrees in an organisation, depending on the
depth of adoption. In fact the depth of adoption yields insight into the maturity of best practices, enterprise-
ready cloud services availability.
 To achieve this, businesses engage in the practice of cloud computing or using remote servers hosted on the
Internet to store, manage, and process critical data. While cloud computing has been available to the general
public for several years, hybrid cloud computing is a relatively newer concept combining one or more cloud
providers, such as Amazon Web Services, SAP HANA Cloud Platform, VMWare, or Salesforce, with a private
IT infrastructure designed for a specific organization.
BENEFITS OF CLOUD
ADOPTION

Flexibility Efficiency Strategic Value

 BENEFIT OF CLOUD
ADOPTION
Flexibility

Users can scale back Customize Access cloud services

or scale up services to Applications from anywhere
fit their needs
BENEFIT OF CLOUD
ADOPTION
Flexibility

Virtual Private Clouds Encryption API keys

BENEFIT OF CLOUD
ADOPTION

Efficiency

Hardware failures do not

Enterprise users can get result in data loss because
applications to market of networked backups
without worrying about Cloud-based applications
underlying infrastructure are data accessible from
costs or its maintenance virtually any internet-
connected device
 BENEFIT OF CLOUD
ADOPTION

Strategic
Value

 Cloud services give enterprises a competitive advantage by providing the most innovative technologies
available while managing the underlying infrastructure, thus enabling organizations to focus on their
priorities.
CHALLENGES OF CLOUD
ADOPTION
 Data security, associated with loss or unavailability of data causing business disruption
 Governance and sovereignty issues
 Legal, regulatory, and compliance issues
 Lack of standardization in how the constantly evolving technologies integrate and interoperate
 Choosing the right deployment and service models to serve specific needs
 Partnering with the right cloud service providers
 Concerns related to business continuity and disaster recovery.
KEY CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS
AND THEIR SERVICES
 Let’s look at some numbers and predictions that help us see the scale cloud is predicted to
achieve in the coming years.
 Gartner predicts that the worldwide public cloud services market to grow from $184.2b in
2018 to 331.2b in 2022.

IAAS $30.5b in 2018 $76.6b in 2022

PAAS $15.6b in 2018 $31.8b in 2022

IAAS $80b in 2018 $143.7b in 2022

CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS

Cloud Service
Providers
 Analytics
Application development

Storage
IOT

Network
Communication
Compute
 DevOps
IoT

Compute
Machine
Learning

Content
Delivery

Networking
Robotics
 GOOGLE Cloud Platform (GCP)

Infrastructure Platform Serverless Computing

Communication Collaboration Productivity Storage

 Network
Compute
Storage

Data &
Analytics Management

IBM CLOUD
 Application & Services

Building Testing Deploying Managing

Oracle CLOUD
Sales Cloud
analytics in real-time

Service
Cloud
customer success and support

Marketing
Cloud
Social Platforms
Internet of Things
(IoT)

What is the Internet of

Things?

•The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to

the billions of physical object, devices,
vehicles, buildings and other items
embedded with electronics, software,
sensors and network connectivity that
enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
 WHY IOT?
 The simplest answer is people are lazy.

 We basically want to automate everything

 We want to control everything with the click of a

button

 We want to see immediate results and data in real

time
WHY IOT?
Aside from that why IoT?

 Dynamic control of industry and daily life

 Integrating human society and physical

systems

 Flexible configuration
COMPONENTS OF
IOT
Smart Systems and Internet of Things are
driven by a combination of :

 1) Sensors

 2) Connectivity

 3) User Interface

 4) Data Processing
Internet of Example of things on the IoT devices?

Things (IoT) •Pretty much any physical object can be

transformed into an IoT device if it can be
connected to the internet to be controlled or
communicate information.

•A lightbulb that can be switched on using a

smartphone app is an IoT device, as is a motion
sensor or a smart thermostat in your office or a
connected streetlight.

•An IoT device could be as fluffy as a child's

toy or as serious as a driverless truck.
SAMPLES OF IOT
EXAMPLE :

Smart Loos —
Found in Heathrow’s Terminal 2, these
smart loos have embedded sensors that
track people’s movement and bathroom
flow, and can alert maintenance crews if
there’s a problem

London’s Heathrow Airport

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

Pulse Sensor
Accelerometer Force Sensor $25
(4mm diameter) (0.1N – 10N)

https://www.sparkfun.com/

https://www.adafruit.com/
LOW POWER CONNECTIVITY

Bluetooth Smart (4.0)

(Up to 2 years with a single
Coin-cell battery)
CAPABLE MOBILE DEVICES

Quad Core 1.5 GHz

128 GB Internal Memory
3 GB RAM
16 MP Camera
2160p@30fps video
WiFI, GPS, BLE
CONSUMER AND ENTERPRISE IOT APPLICATIONS

Source:
https://internetofthings
agenda.techtarget.com/
definition/Internet-of-T
hings-IoT

66
HELMET CONCUSSION SENSOR

https://www.amazon.com/S
hockbox-LM2004-EXT-Mu
ltiSport-Helmet-Sensor/dp/
B00DVHA1LM?imprToke
n=NXcTrCppNfgrAo2MA
1K7ig&slotNum=2&Subsc
riptionId=AKIAIO22DD3
AFUSKXUKQ&tag=make
usw-20&linkCode=xm2&c
amp=2025&creative=1659
53&creativeASIN=B00DV
HA1LM

67
CONNECTED CAR STORY

The connected car is equipped with

internet connections and software
that allow people to stream music,
look up movie times, be alerted of
traffic and weather conditions, and
even power driving-assistance
services such as self-parking.

Source:
https://www.businessinsider.com/connected-car-statisti
cs-manufacturers-2015-2?IR=T
68
ABCD’S OF IOT
Applications Big Data Analytics

Connectivity and Communication Devices – that are smart!

Photos – Libelium, Google Image Search

THE SMART WORLD OF
THE FUTURE 70
CHALLENGES
Challenges for IoT can be identified thru 5Cs.

 Connectivity
 Variety of wired and wireless network standard are required to enable different application needs.

 Continuity
 IoT devices needs power to continue working. Therefore there is a need to have extended battery life to
do its jobs.
 Compliance
 IoT needs to comply to Global Regulations.

 CoExistence
 Your IoT devices works harmoniously in crowded IoT Environment

 CyberSecurity
 Safeguards your data from Cyber threats
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ON THE CLOUD
 What is AI
 Definitions

 How does it impact us?

 Impact on information science

 INTRODUCTION
 Intelligence : “The capacity to learn and solve problems.”

 Artificial Intelligence : Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines.
 1) The ability to solve problems.
 2) The ability to act rationally.
 3) The ability to act like humans.

 The central principles of Al include :

 1) Reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning and communication.
 2) Perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.
 3) It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs
AI IN
THE
MOVI
ES
AI IN REAL LIFE
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
 making computers that think?

 the automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like decision making,
learning ... ?

 the art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed
by people ?

 the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models ?

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
 AI stands for Artificial Intelligence. A.I. generally refers to the ability of machines to perform
intellectual tasks.

 Its defined as:

 “the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and
translation between languages.”
AI AS AN AGENT Anything that can be viewed as
perceiving its environment
through sensors and acting
upon that environment through
Sensors its effectors to maximize
progress towards its goals.
?
?
Environment
Agent
?
Actuators

Model Task-specific & specialized: well-

defined goals and environment
 LEARNING
 If a system is going to act truly
appropriately, then it must be able to change
its actions in the light of experience:

 how do we generate new facts from old ?

 how do we generate new concepts ?

 how do we learn to distinguish different

situations in new environments ?
INTERACTING WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT
 In order to enable intelligent behaviour, we will have to interact with our
environment.
 Properly intelligent systems may be expected to:
 accept sensory input
 vision, sound, …
 interact with humans
 understand language, recognise speech,
generate text, speech and graphics, …
 modify the environment
 robotics
AGENTS CAN BE QUITE SOPHISTICATED
STRONG VS WEAK AI
Strong AI is artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the
intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task that a
human being can.
It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and an important topic for science fiction
writers and futurists.

Weak AI is an artificial intelligence system which is not intended to match or exceed

the capabilities of human beings, as opposed to strong AI, which is. Also known as
applied AI or narrow AI.
The weak AI hypothesis: the philosophical position that machines can demonstrate
intelligence, but do not necessarily have a mind, mental states or consciousness.
CLOUD COMPUTING AND AI
Cloud computing

 The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to:
 store,
 manage,
 and process data,

 rather than a local server or a personal computer.

CLOUD COMPUTING AND AI

 While artificial intelligence (A.I.) has

struggled to gain footholds in other
niches, it is finding its place in the
world of cloud computing, a sort of
revolution within the revolution that
could rapidly change the face of
businesses using cloud computing
solutions over the next few years.
CLOUD COMPUTING AND AI
 In three areas of cloud computing, A.I. is taking long strides

 Those areas are:

 Parallel processing

 Machine Learning-ML Algorithms

 Big Data
WHAT’S PARALLEL PROCESSING
AND HOW IT WORK IN CLOUD
 Parallel processing means more than one microprocessor handling parts of the same overall

task. Parallel processing essentially means that multiple processors shoulder the load. To have
multiple processors working on the same problem at the same time, there are two big things
you need:

 Latency

 Bandwidth
WHAT’S PARALLEL PROCESSING
AND HOW IT WORK IN CLOUD
Latency

 it refers to the amount of time it takes for a processor to send results back to the system. The

longer the wait, the longer it will take the entire system to process the problem.

Bandwidth

 Bandwidth is a more common term, referring to how much data a processor can send in a given

length of time.
ML ALGORITHMS FOR CLOUD
APPLICATIONS
Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software applications
to become more accurate in predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed

For cloud applications Machine Learning algorithms are built

ML ALGORITHMS FOR CLOUD
APPLICATIONS
ML algorithms for cloud applications involve:

 Cognitive computing(to combine different patterns together; i.e. voice, imagery or other such

data; for mimicking human behavior)

 Chatbots and virtual assistants (they are getting smarter every time they have a conversation)

 Internet of things-IoT (It connects every potentially “smart” machine in the world to the cloud

and add that massive amount of data to the conversation)

WHAT IS A CHATTERBOT?

 A Chatterbot is a program that attempts to simulate typed conversation, with the aim
of at least temporarily fooling a human into thinking they were talking to another
person.
Classic Chatterbots
Complex Chatterbots
Friendly Chatterbots
Teachable Bots TYPES OF
AIML Bots CHATTERBOTS
JFred Bots
NativeMinds Bots Non-English Bots
Alternative Bots
WHAT IS A COGNITIVE
COMPUTING?

 The term cognitive computing is typically used to describe AI systems that aim to

simulate human thought. ... A number of AI technologies are required for a computer

system to build cognitive models that mimic human thought processes, including

machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, NLP and sentiment analysis.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? - THE
TURING TEST
A machine
can be de
thinking m sc
achine if it ribed as a
Turing Tes passes th
t. i.e. If a e
engaged human ag
in two iso e
(connecte lated dialo nt is
d by telety gues
a compute pe
r, and the say); one with
another h other with
uman and
cannot re th
liably iden e human agent
with the c tify which
omputer. dialogue is
SYSTEMS THAT ACT LIKE
HUMANS
The Turing Test approach
a human questioner cannot tell if
 there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote communication)
The computer must behave intelligently

Intelligent behavior
to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks
THE FOUNDATION OF AI
Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, and
probability

Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed

 complexity theory

Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI

Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias)

THE FOUNDATION OF AI
 Computer Engineering:

 How to build an efficient computer?

 Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible
 The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems more easily
 AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including: time-sharing, the linked
list data type, OOP, etc.
THE FOUNDATION OF AI
 Linguistics
 For understanding natural languages
 different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work
 Formal languages
 Syntactic and semantic analysis
 Knowledge representation