BIENVENIDOS A

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11-BOHR
 DO YOU HAVE ANY IDEA HOW
HISTORICAL GEOLOGISTS STUDIES THE
.
EARTH’S PAST ?
 Well geologists starts to
developed geological time scale
when they observed that there
are changes in rocks and by using
relative dating, they divided
earth’s past in periods
of time.
GEOLOGIC TIME
SCALE
WHAT IS GEOLOGICAL
TIME SCALE ?
- It serves as the calendar for the events in
earth’s history. It is a standard timeline used
to describe the age of rocks, fossils, and
the events that formed them.
DIVISIONS OF
GEOLOGIC
TIME SCALE
 “EON”
EON IS THE LONGEST
PORTIONS OF GEOLOGIC
TIME, IT IS HALF A
BILLION YEARS OR
MORE
 “ERA”
ERA IS THE SECOND
LONGEST PORTIONS OF
GEOLOGICAL TIME. IN
ONE ERA IT TAKES A
HUNDRED OF MILLIONS
OF YEARS LONG IN
DURATION.
 “EPOCH”
EPOCH IT IS A UNIT OF
GEOLOGICAL TIME DURING
WHICH A ROCK SERIES IS
DEPOSITED, AND
TYPICALLY LAST MORE
THAN THREE MILLION
YEARS.
 “AGE”
MILLION OF YEARS
PRE – CAMBRIAN
EON
It is the earliest era of geologic
history or the corresponding system
of rock. It is used to refer to the
whole period of the earth's history
before the formation of the oldest
rocks with recognizable fossils in
them.
HADEAN EON
It is an informal division of
Precambrian time, occurring
between about 4.6 billion and 4.0
billion years ago. It is named after
the mythological god of the
underworld, Hades. There is no
oxygen here, and the atmosphere
here is poisonous.
ARCHAEAN EON
It is the second of four geologic eons of
Earth's history. It began 4.6 billion years ago
and 2.5 billion years ago. At this time, the
Earth's crust had cooled enough and was
starting to form oceans and continents. The
Archean eon comprises four subdivisions
called eras. From the earliest to the most
recent, they are the Eoarchean, the
Paleoarchean, the Mesoarchean, and the
Neoarchean.
 Archaean Eon is divided into 4 eras

EOARCHEAN ERA
It is the first era of the
Archean Eon of the geologic
record for which the Earth has
a solid crust. It follows the
hadean eon and precedes the
paleoarchean era of the
geologic time scale.
PALEOARCHEAN ERA
It is a geologic era within the
Archaean Eon. It spans the
period of time from 3,600 to
3,200 million years ago. This
era was the one where
aerobic bacteria first
appeared.
MESOARCHEAN ERA
It is a geologic era in the Archean
Eon, spanning 3,200 to 2,800
million years ago, that contains the
first evidence of modern-style plate
subduction and the expansion of
microbial life.
NEOARCHEAN ERA
It is the last geologic era
in the Archean eon that
spans from 2.8 to 2.5
billion years ago.
PROTEROZOIC EON
It is the younger of the two divisions
of Precambrian time. It is a geological
eon spanning the time interval from
2500 to 541 million years ago. This is
the time period when there was the
formation of stable continents, the
appearance of abundant bacteria, and
the buildup of oxygen in the
atmosphere.
 Proterozoic Eon is divided into 3 eras

PALEOPROTEROZOIC ERA
Its time period is from 2,500 to 1,600
million years ago. It is considered the
longest era in the Earth's geological
history. This is the era where the
continents first stabilized.
MESOPROTEROZOIC ERA
It lasted 1,600 million to 1,000
million years in geologic time.
This was the first period in
Earth's history for which a fairly
complete geological record
existed.
NEOPROTEROZOIC ERA
It is the last era of the Precambrian
Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon. It
lasted from 1 billion to 541 million
years ago. This is the era where the
earliest fossils of multicellular life are
found.
PHANERAZOIC EON
The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life,
is divided into three major spans of
time largely on the basis of
characteristic assemblages of life-
forms: the Paleozoic (541 million to
252 million years ago), Mesozoic (252
million to 66 million years ago), and
Cenozoic (66 million years ago to the
present) eras.
 CENOZOIC ERA
It is the third of the major eras of Earth's
history, beginning about 66 million years ago
and extending to the present. It was the
interval of time during which the continents
assumed their modern configuration and
geographic positions and during which
Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those
of the present.
 THERE ARE 3 PERIODS UNDER CENOZOIC ERA

QUARTERNARY
PERIOD
the third and last of the three periods of
the Cenozoic Era. You and I are living in
this period, which began only 2.58
million years ago.
NEOGENE PERIOD
Neogene period is the second of three
divisions of the Cenozoic Era. The Neogene
Period encompasses the interval between
23 million and 2.6 million years ago and
includes the Miocene (23 million to 5.3
million years ago) and the Pliocene (5.3
million to 2.6 million years ago) epochs.
PALEOGENE PERIOD
Greek meaning “ancient-born” and
includes the Paleocene (Palaeocene)
Epoch (66 million to 56 million years
ago), the Eocene Epoch (56 million to
33.9 million years ago), and the
Oligocene Epoch (33.9 million to 23
million years ago).
 MESOZOIC ERA
It is the second of the Earth's three major
geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its
name is derived from the Greek term for
“middle life.” The Mesozoic Era began
252.2 million years ago, following the
conclusion of the Paleozoic Era, and
ended 66 million years ago, at the dawn of
the Cenozoic Era.
 THERE ARE 3 PERIOD UNDER MESOZOIC ERA

CRETACEOUS PERIOD
In geologic time, the last of the three periods
of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began
145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million
years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and
was succeeded by the Paleogene Period (the
first of the two periods into which the Tertiary
Period was divided).
JURASSIC PERIOD
(199.6 million to 145.5 million
years ago) was characterized by a
warm, wet climate that gave rise to
lush vegetation and abundant life.
TRIASSIC PERIOD
(252-201 million years ago) began
after Earth's worst-ever extinction
event devastated life. The Permian-
Triassic extinction event, also known
as the Great Dying, took place roughly
252 million years ago and was one of
the most significant events in the
history of our planet.
PALEOZOIC ERA
It is also spelled as Palaeozoic, major
interval of geologic time that began
541 million years ago with the
Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary
diversification of marine animals, and
ended about 252 million years ago
with the end-Permian extinction, the
greatest extinction event in Earth
history.
THERE ARE SIX PERIODS UNDER THE PALEOZOIC ERA

PERMIAN PERIOD
In geologic time, the last period
of the Paleozoic Era. The
Permian Period began 298.9
million years ago and ended
252.2 million years ago
CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
This time period took place 359 to
299 million years ago. The
Carboniferous period, part of the
late Paleozoic era, takes its name
from large underground coal
deposits that date to it.
DEVONIAN PERIOD
The development of roots, seeds, leaves,
and woody tissues provided the means
for species diversification, growth into
large trees, and finally the development
of the first forests. Roots improved water
and nutrient absorption and the ability of
plants to “anchor” into soil, which also
appeared during the Devonian.
SILURIAN PERIOD
In geologic time, the third period
of the Paleozoic Era. It began 443.8
million years ago and ended 419.2
million years ago, extending from
the close of the Ordovician Period
to the beginning of the Devonian
Period.
ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
In geologic time, the second period of
the Paleozoic Era. It began 485.4
million years ago, following the
Cambrian Period, and ended 443.8
million years ago, when the Silurian
Period began. Ordovician rocks have
the distinction of occurring at the
highest elevation on Earth, the top of
Mount Everest.
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
Part of the Paleozoic era, produced the
most intense burst of evolution ever
known. The Cambrian Explosion saw
an incredible diversity of life emerge,
including many major animal groups
alive today. Among them were the
chordates, to which vertebrates
(animals with backbones) such as
humans belong.
 PALEOZOIC ERA
(about 541 million years
ago)

PRECAMBRIAN ERA
(about 4.6 billion years
ago)

MESOZOIC ERA
(about 252.2 million
years ago)

CENOZOIC ERA
(about 66 million years