Fundamentals of Research

DR. HAROLD B. PANGILINAN

RESEARCH TEACHER
 Fundamentals of Research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD

ORIENTATION
 Prayers

Lord, pour out on us the Spirit of

understanding, truth and peace.
Help us to strive with all our hearts to
know what is pleasing to you, and
when we know your will
make us determined to do it.
We ask this through CHRIST our
LORD.
AMEN
Subject Requirements
 Class Policies
I. Attendance
Late: beyond 15 minutes after the scheduled
start of the class meeting
3 Late‘s’ = 1 Absence
Absent: Invalid Reason
Excused Letter – 1 week deadline
0 Grade for requirement missed
FDA: absences of more than 20%
(7 absences)
 Class Policies

II. Use of Cellphones and Similar Gadgets

Violators: IDs will be surrendered
Phones should be in silent mode or turned off
III. Refrain from going out of the classroom
(Maximum of 1)
IV. No food allowed
 Class Policies
V. Noise - Unnecessary noise will be dealt
accordingly
VI. 5S (Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize and
Self-Discipline) – Tapat Ko, Linis Ko; Before
start of class discussion and before dismissal
VII. Proper Uniform
VIII. Plagiarism and Cheating
 Class Policies
V. Noise - Unnecessary noise will be dealt
accordingly
VI. 5S (Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize and
Self-Discipline) – Tapat Ko, Linis Ko; Before
start of class discussion and before dismissal
VII. Proper Uniform
VIII. Plagiarism and Cheating
 RESEARCH
Why does it matter?
Warm-Ups
 Warm-Ups

Puzzle 1: A police officer saw a truck

driver clearly going the wrong way down
a one-way street, but did not try to stop
him. Why not?
 Warm-Ups

Puzzle 2: Which direction is the bus

going, left or right?
 Warm-Ups
Puzzle 3: There are 32 red socks and 32
blue socks in the drawer. You can’t tell
which sock is right and which is left. It’s
dark and you are pulling socks out of the
drawer.

How many do you have to draw to be

sure that you have a pair? (At least 2
socks of the same color)
 Warm-Ups

Answer 1: Solution: The truck driver was

walking
 Warm-Ups

Answer 2: It is going left because we can

not see the door.
 Warm-Ups

Answer 3: Three. At least two are same

color.
 Research

- the process of Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting data

in order to understand a phenomenon (Leedy and Omrod,
2001)
 Research Process

1. Define the problem

2. (Review the related literature)
3. Formulate a hypothesis
4. Develop a research design
5. Collect the data
6. Analyze and interpret the data
7. Draw conclusions
We need a Blueprint
 Quantitative Research

A systematic and scientific investigation of data and

their relationships (Cohen, Manion and Morisson,
2004)
 Quantitative Research

Creswell (2003) states, QR “employ strategies of

inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect
data on predetermined instruments and yield statistical
data. ” (p.18)
 Quantitative Research

….collect data on predetermined instruments and

yield statistical data. ”

(sample)
How confident are you that you can use the information you
learned?

4 - Very Confident
3 - Somewhat Confident
2 - Not Very Confident
1 - Not at all Confident
 Quantitative Research

Objectives:

 is to develop and employ mathematical models,

theories and hypotheses pertaining to natural
phenomena.

 measuring is key in quantitative research. It is

because it shows the relationship between data and
observation.
 Qualitative Research
 a naturalistic inquiry, because the data
collection strategies used are interactive to
discover the natural flow of the events and
processes” (Trochim, 2006)

 Naturalistic Inquiry (Nature – researcher should be

in place where he/she gathers data
 Interactive Data Collection Strategies
 Qualitative Research

Live Experiences

Study Realities

Seeks in-depth
understanding of social
phenomenon within their
natural setting.

THEME
S
 Qualitative Research

Live Experiences

Study Realities

T S
a s N
F r t E
E d r G
A i u L
R n g E
e g C
s l T
s e
s
 Qualitative Research

 The researcher builds “a complex, holistic

picture, analyzes words, reports detailed
views of informants, and conducts the study
in a natural setting.” (Creswell, 1998: 15).

Thematically says by Informants

 Qualitative vs Quantitative

Qualitative Quantitative
Understand and Interpret Human Comparisons and correlational of
Perspectives population attributes
Inductive Approach Deductive Approach

Rich Descriptions Numerical Summaries

Depth Breadth

Small Sample (Purposive) Large Sample (Random)

Selection of procedures to establish trust Prescribed process to establish validity

in the findings and reliability
 Qualitative vs Quantitative

Qualitative Quantitative
Develop Initial Understanding Recommends final course of action

Less generalizable to populations Generalization to population

 Inductive Research Approach

Starts with specific observations, then end to

generalizing theory.

I start with Data

I Infer Conclusions from my Data.
I tend to do Inductive Research
 Inductive Research Approach

How do undergraduate students view the causes of

homelessness? What do they perceive as the solutions to
homelessness?

Philips, 2015; (Research Journal)

I start with Data

I Infer Conclusions from my Data.
I tend to do Inductive Research
 Deductive Research Approach

Starts with Theory which then end to

Conclusion.

I start with a Theory

I confirm a Hypothesis.
I tend to do Deductive Research
 Deductive Research Approach

High emotional Intelligence can contribute to pupil’s

learning process.
E.Q. and Acad Achievement
Ms. Moreno (Asian Scientific Journals)

I start with a Theory

I confirm a Hypothesis.
I tend to do Deductive Research
 Qualitative Research
Objectives:

 Basic Qualitative Study “would be interested in:

a. “how people interpret their experiences;
b. “how they construct their worlds; and
c. What meanings they attribute to their
experiences.”
 “The meaning people have constructed” refers to
“how people make sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world.”
 Sample Research Titles
 Aren’t They Bored? Advance Readers’ Cognitive
Representations of Instructional Neglect.

 Learning environment and Student Performance in

Laboratory Activities in TVL courses.

 An analysis of the impact of Industry Work

Immersion to Senior High School Students
Performance in TVL Subjects.

 Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) and Student

Performance in Mathematics.
 Sample Research Titles
 Isang Pagsusuri sa Panlipunang Pakikibaka at
Pakikiangkop ng mga Badjao.

 An Investigation on the Parenting Styles, Struggles

and Conflict Resolution of Transgender Parents.

 Ideation of Intervention for Sheltered Orphans: A

Correlational Study of Psychological Trauma and
Anxiety Level.
 Qualitative Research
 Construction of Survival and Coping By Women
Who Have Survived Childhood Sexual Abuse.

 What ESL College Students Say About Their

English Teachers.

 What STEM SHS Students Say About Their

Science Teachers.

 Carpe Diem? How Graduate Students Deal

With Their Theses.
 Research Activity
 Work in Group (3-4 members).
1. Look for the one Qualitative Research Study and
Answer the following:

1. What the research aimed?

2. Discuss the Briefly the Findings.
3. Explain the Generalization/s the researchers’ made
from the findings.
4. Justify how the researcher employed inductive
approach to his/her study.
Write the output in Yellow Cartolina to be presented in
the class.
Quantitative vis-à-vis Qualitative
Quantitative vis-à-vis Qualitative
Quantitative vis-à-vis Qualitative
 Types of Qualitative Research

Phenomenological
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Ethnography
Historical Reseach
BQR – Basic Qualitative Research
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL

This study describes the “subjective

reality” of an event, as perceived by
the study population.

- This is a form of research in

which the researcher attempts to
understand how one or more
individuals experience a
phenomenon.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL

Sample research:

Isang Pagsusuri sa Panlipunang

Pakikibaka at Pakikiangkop ng mga
Badjao.

An Investigation on the Parenting Styles,

Struggles and Conflict Resolution of
Transgender Parents.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Sample research:

Construction of Survival and Coping By

Women Who Have Survived Childhood
Sexual Abuse.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
Coming from the word “phenomenon,”
how people find their experiences
meaningful.

- For us to understand the meanings

attached to their experiences.
 Case Study

This is a form of qualitative research that

is focused on providing a detailed account
of one or more causes.

Involves long-time study of a person,

group, organization or situation.
 Case Study

Sample research:

Teen Pregnancy in the Philippines: Rising

and Alarming.
 Case Study
Sample cases:

 JHS who develops such an intense “crush” on

a certain P.E. teacher that she completely
ignores her classmates.

 Male students who with the highest IQ in the

class and prior outstanding record, is now
failing in his subjects.
 Case Study
The case study provides a “whole” view
of each of these pupils or students by
integrating his/her history, experiences,
and present conditions.
 Grounded Theory
• The Heart of Qualitative Research
• Inductive
• Use in-depth interview

-takes place when you discover a new

theory to underlie your study at the time of
data collection and analysis.
 Grounded Theory

Sample Topic to explore:

Porn Addiction
Loss of Libido
The “hiya” among Filipino
“Utang ng Loob” understanding of
Filipino
 Ethnography

- Study of particular cultural group (not

only Indigenous (IP) group)

- Ethnic (Group)

Technique: Observation
 Ethnography

- This method is also called

“ethnomethodology” or “Methodology of
the people”

- This is also called Sociological

Research
 Ethnography

Sample Research:

The Mangyans’ Burial Practices

 Historical Research

This design interprets past trends of

attitude, event and fact.

Historical Research, helps us in answering

questions such as: Where have we come
from, where we are, who are we now and
where are we going?
 Historical Research

The Rise and Fall of the Twenty-Year

reign of Former Philippine President,
Ferdinand Marcos

Filipino-Student Activism from Spanish

Era to the Contemporary World
 BQR

This involves using an eclectic (wide-

ranging) approach taken up to best match
research question at hand.
 BQR

As stated by John W. Creswell (2013), BQR aims

“to study a group or population, identify
variables that cannot be easily measured, or
hear silenced voices.”
 BQR

Creswell (2013) describes this design,

…….this allows the researcher to empower
individuals to “share their stories and hear their
voices.
 BQR
Objectives:

 Basic Qualitative Study “would be interested in:

a. “how people interpret their experiences;
b. “how they construct their worlds; and
c. What meanings they attribute to their experiences.”
 “The meaning people have constructed” refers to “how people make
sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world.”
 BQR

Overall purpose of Basic Qualitative

Study:

“to understand how people make sense

of their lives and their experiences”
 BQR

Data Collection

• Participant Observation and Fieldwork

• Interview
• Document Review or Analysis
 BQR

Approach Application/Purpose
Observation Learn about behaviors and interactions in
natural settings; study cultural aspects of
settings or particular context
Interview Explore individual experiences and
perceptions in rich detail
Document Identify pattern of communication,
review describe characteristics of organizations or
processes
Interview

Interviews, “a guided
conversation”
-Lofland
 Interview

When to Use:

• Individual perspective and experiences

• Addressing Sensitive topics
• Concerning about fear or reprisal
 Sampling for Interviews

 Aim to identify key Informants

 Goal is depth not representativeness
 Size varies depending on the complexity of
inquiries
 Interviews (# participants) is
determined by the principle of
theoretical saturation
 Sampling for Interviews

Aim to identify key Informants:

• a term that refers to individuals who have

knowledge of or experience with the
phenomenon of interest and they're willing
to speak about it .
 Beginning the Interview

 Good rapport is imperative

 Participants will talk candidly only if they
 feel comfortable in the space
 Trust the interviewer
 Feel secure about confidentiality
 Believe the interviewer is interested in
their story
 Do not feel judged
 Types of probes

Silent Nod slowly, tilt head.

Echo Repeat the last statement and ask respondents to continue

Neutral Encouraging, “I see” or “uh-huh”

Direct “Tell me more” (very common)
Phased Imply you already know something or encourage
assertation respondents to speak up
Detail Who, where, what, when, how
Clarifying You said “X”, please describe what you meant by that
 DATA COLLECTION

Participant Observation and Fieldwork

 Complete participant: Full participation in the activities
of the group being studied with his identity unknown to
any of the individuals.”

 Participant-as-observer: Full participation in the

activities of the group being studied with his identity as a
researcher known to any of the individuals.

 Complete observer: the reverse of complete participant.

 DATA COLLECTION

Participant Observation and Fieldwork

 Complete participant: Full participation in the activities
of the group being studied with his identity unknown to
any of the individuals.”

 Participant-as-observer: Full participation in the

activities of the group being studied with his identity as a
researcher known to any of the individuals.

 Complete observer: the reverse of complete participant.

 Thank you!

Be Jesus to your students.

-DocHP