GENETICALLY

MODIFIED ORGANISMS

SUBMITTED BY:- SNEHAL

MUSKAN
CLASS:- 12 “A”
SUBMITTED TO:- LD SIR
 CONTENTS
 WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ?

 PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

 PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF PRODUCTION

 BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM

 WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS ?
 A GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO) IS AN ORGANISM WHOSE
GENETIC MATERIAL HAS BEEN ALTERED USING GENETIC ENGINEERING
TECHNIQUE.
 ORGANISMS THAT HAVE BEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED INCLUDE
MICRO-ORGANISMS SUCH AS BACTERIA AND YEAST, PLANTS, FISH AND
MAMALS.
 SOURCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS, AND ARE ALSO WIDELY
USED IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND TO PRODUCE USEFUL GOODS
OTHER THAN FOOD.
 PRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS

 GENETIC MODIFICATION INVOLVES THE INSERTION OR DELETION OF GENES.

 WHEN GENES ARE INSERTED THEY USUALLY COME FROM A DIFFERENT SPECIES,
WHICH IS A FORM OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER.
 IN NATURE THIS CAN OCCUR WHEN EXOGENOUS DNA PENTRARTES THE CELL
MEMBRANE FOR ANY REASON.
 TO DO THIS ARTIFICIALLY MAY REQUIRE ATTACHING THE GENES TO A VIRUS OR JUST
PHYSICALLY INSERTING THE EXTRA DNA INTO THE NUCLEUS OF THE INTENDED HOST
WITH A VERY SMALL SYRINGE, OR WITH VERY SMALL PARTICLES FIRED FROM A GENE
GUN.
 AGROBACTERIUMS ABILITY TO TRANSFER GENETIC MATERIAL TO PLANTS, OR THE
ABILITY OF LENTIVIRUSES TO TRANSFER GENES TO ANIMAL CELLS ARE NATURAL
EXAMPLES OF GENE TRANSFER.
PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF PRODUCTION

 THE BASIC PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCING A GMO WAS TO

ADD NEW GENETIC MATERIAL INTO AN ORGANISM’S
GENOME.

 THIS IS CALLED GENETIC ENGINEERING AND WAS

MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE DISCOVERY OF DNA
AND THE CREATION OF THE FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA
MOLECULES BY PAUL BERG IN 1972.
GRAPHIC
REPRESENTATION
 TRANSGENIC PLANTS

 TRANSGENIC PLANTS HAVE BEEN ENGINEERED FOR

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, TO CREATE NEW COLORS IN
FLOWERS, AND TO CREAT IMPROVED CROPS.
 IN RESEARCH, PLANTS ARE ENGINEERED TO HELP
DISCOVER THE FUNCTIONS OF CERTAIN GENES.
 ONE WAY TO DO THIS IS TO KNOCK OUT THE GENE OF
INTEREST AND SEE WHAT PHENOTYPE DEVELOPS.
 ANOTHER STRATEGY IS TO ATTACH THE GENE TO A
STRONG PROMOTER AND SEE WGAT HAPPENS WHEN IT
IS OVER EXPRESSED.
 GM CROPS
 IN AGRICULTURE, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS ARE
CREATED TO POSSES SEVERAL DESIRABLE TRAITS, SUCH AS
RESISTANCE TO PESTS, HERBICIDES OR HARSH ENVIROMENTAL
CONDITIONS, IMPROVED PRODUCT SHELF LIFE, INCREASED
NUTRITIONAL VALUE, OR PRODUCTION OF VALUABLE GOODS
SUCH AS DRUGS (PHARMING).

 PLANTS, INCLUDING ALGAE, JATROPHA, MAIZE AND OTHER

PLANTS HAVE BEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOR USE IN
PRODUCING FUEL, KNOWN AS BIOFUEL.
 MICROBES
 BACTERIA WERE THE FIRST ORGANISMS TO BE MODIFIED IN THE
LABORATORY, DUE TO THEIR SIMPLE GENETICS.

 THESE ORGANISMS ARE NOW USED FOR SEVERAL PURPOSES,

AND ARE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN PRODUCING LARGE
AMOUNTS OF PURE HUMAN PROTEINS FOR USE IN MEDICINE.

 GENETICALLY MODIFIED BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCED

THE PROTIEN INSULIN TO TREAT DIABETES.

 SIMILAR BACTERIA HAVE BEEN USED TO PRODUCE CLOTTING

FACTORS TO TREAT HAEMOPHILIA AND HUMAN GROWTH
HORMONE TO TREAT VARIOUS FORMS OF DWARFISM.
 BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO).
 GENETICALLY MODIFICATION MADE CROPS MORE TOLERANT TO
ABIOTIC STRESSES (COLD, DROUGHT, SALT, HEAT).
 IT HAS REDUCED RELIANCE ON CHEMICAL PESTICIDES (PEST-
RESISTANT CROPS).
 IT HELPED TO REDUCE POST HARVEST LOSSES.
 IT INCRESED EFFICIENTLY OF MINERALS USEAGE BY PLANTS
(THIS PREVENTS EARLY EXHAUSTION OF FERITILITY OF SOIL).
 ENHANCED NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD., GOLDEN RICE,. i.e.
VITAMIN ‘A’ ENRICHED RICE.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

HTTP://WWW.SOCIALISTREVOLUTION.ORG/IDEA/CAPITALISM-PUT
S-THE-PLANET-UNDER-THREAT/GM-FOODS-HOW-TO-FEED-THE-WO
RLD-OR-HOW-TO-DESTROY-IT/
 NCERT BOOK
 HTTP://WAKEUP-WORLD.COM/?S=GMO