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Marie: An Introduction To A Simple Computer
Marie: An Introduction To A Simple Computer
MARIE: An
Introduction to a
Simple Computer
4.5 The Input/Output Subsystem
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Or I/O can be instruction-based, where
the CPU has a specialized I/O
instruction set.
Although this does not use memory space,
it requires specific I/O instructions, which
implies it can be used only by CPUs that
can execute these specific instructions.
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4.6 Memory Organization
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• Memory can be byte-addressable, which
means that each individual byte has a unique
address
• word-addressable, where a word typically
consists of two or more bytes. which means
each word (not necessarily each
• byte) has its own address,
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• Memory is constructed of RAM chips,
often referred to in terms of length
width.
• If the memory word size of the machine
is 16 bits, then a 4M 16 RAM chip
gives us 4 megabytes of 16-bit memory
locations.
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• Main memory is usually larger than one RAM
chip. Consequently, these chips are combined into
a single memory module to give the desired
memory size. For example, suppose you need to
build a 32K x 16 memory and all you
have are 2K x 8 RAM chips.
You could connect 16 rows and 2 columns of
chips together.
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4.6 Memory Organization
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4.6 Memory Organization
• Using high-order interleave
– The advantage of high-order interleave is that two different devices, working on
two different areas of memory, can perform their memory accesses
simultaneously
– e.g., one device accesses address 5 and another accesses 31
• low-order interleave
– the low order bits of the address specify which memory bank contains the
address of interest
– Consecutive memory locations are on consecutive chips
– The advantage of lower-order interleave is that several consecutive memory
accesses can be performed simultaneously
– For instance, fetching 4 consecutive instructions at one time
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4.6 Memory Organization
Low-Order Interleaving
High-Order Interleaving
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4.7 Interrupts
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4.8 MARIE
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4.8 MARIE
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4.8 MARIE
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End of Chapter 4
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