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Chapter 5 - The Vector Space RN
Chapter 5 - The Vector Space RN
5.3 Orthogonality
V={[0 a 0]T in 3: a Z} Nhận xét: các trường hợp sau
U={[a 7 3a]T in 3: aR} không là không gian vector con
có thành phần khác không
W={[5a b a-b]T in 3: a,bR} có hệ số bậc cao hoặc tích
có dấu | |
Q={[a b |a+b|] : a }
T
có a và a+1 chẳng hạn
H={[a b ab]T: a,b }
P={(x,y,z)| x-2y+z=0 and 2x-y+3z=0}. P is called the solution
space of the system x-2y+z=0 and 2x-y+3z=0.
Note
• A subspace either has only one or infinite
many vectors
• Example, {0} has only vector
• If a subspace U has nonzero vector X then aX
is also in U (by S3). Then U has infinite many
vector
Null space and image space of a matrix
A is an mxn matrix, if X is nx1 matrix then AX is mx1 matrix
nullA = {X in Rn: AX=0}
m
imA = {AX: X is in Rn}
A
nullA • imA
n
zero vector
nullA ={X Rn:AX=0} is a subspace of Rn: imA ={AX:X Rn}is a subspace of Rm:
A.0=00nullA 0=A.00imA
X,Y nullA AX=0, AY=0 AX,AY imA AX+AY=A(X+Y)=AZ
A(X+Y)=AX+AY=0 (X+Y) nullA AX+AY imA
X nullA, a R AX=0 A(aX)=a(AX)=0 AX imA, a R a(AX)=A(aX)=AZ
aXnullA a(AX)imA
Null space nullA={X:AX=0}
1 1 0
For example, A
2 3 1 23
x x x x
0 1 1 0 0
nullA y : A y y : y
0 2 3 1 0
z z z z
x t
x y 0
y : t : t
z 2 x 3 y z 0 5t
Eigenspaces (không gian riêng)
Suppose A is an nxn matrix and λ is an eigenvalue of A
Eλ(A)={X: AX=λX} is an subspace of Rn
For example,
3 1 x3 1
A c A
x det xI A x 3 x 2
0 2 0 x2
c A x 0 x 3 x 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 t
x 3 : X (or X= t ,0 )
0 5 0 0 0 0 0
5 1 0 t
x 2: X
0 0 0 5t
E3 X : AX 3 X t ,0 : t
Các không gian riêng
E2 X : AX 2 X t , 5t : t ứng với GTR
Spanning sets (hệ sinh)
Y=k1X1+k2X2+…+knXn is called a linear combination of the vectors X1,X2,…,Xn
The set of all linear combinations of the the vectors X1,X2,…,Xn is called the
span of these vectors, denoted by span{X 1,X2,…,Xn }.
This means, span{X1,X2,…,Xn} = {k1X1+k2X2+…+knXn :kiR is arbitrary}
span{X1,X2,…,Xn} is a subspace of Rn.
For example, span{(1,0,1),(0,1,1)}={a(1,0,1)+b(0,1,1) :a,bR}.
And we have (1,2,3)span{(1,0,1),(0,1,1)} because (1,2,3)= 1(1,0,1)+ 2(0,1,1).
(2,3,2)span{(1,0,1),(0,1,1)} because (2,3,2)≠a(1,0,1)+b(0,1,1) for all a,b.
Nếu U=span{X,Y} ta nói U là KG được sinh ra bởi {X,Y} hay hệ {X,Y} sinh ra
KG U. Khi đó, U chứa tất cả các vector có dạng aX+bY với a, b là các số thực
tùy ý.
vector Zspan{X,Y} khi và chỉ khi có các số thực a,b sao cho Z=aX+bY hay hệ
pt Z=aX+bY có nghiệm a,b.
Ta cũng nói Z là một tổ hợp tuyến tính (linear combination) của X,Y khi
Z=aX+bY hay Zspan{X,Y}.
Examples
If x=(1,3,-5) is expressed as a linear combination of the vectors v1 = (1, 1,
1); v2 =(1,1,-1); v3 = (1, 0, 2); then the coefficient of v3 is:
A. 2 B. 3 C. -2 D. 1 E. 0
x is expressed as a linear combination of v1, v2, v3 means x=av1+bv2+cv3 for
some a,b,c and c is called the coefficient of v3.
the system is 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a+b+c = 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 -1 2 0 -2 1 -6
a =1
a+b = 3 1 -1 2 -5 0 0 -1 2
b =2
0 -2 1 -6
a – b +2c =-5 c =-2
Which of the vectors below is a linear combination of u=(1,1,2); v=(2,3,5)?
A. (0,1,1) B. (1,1,0) C. (1,1,1) D. (1,0,1) E. (0,0,1)
Có thể giải bằng biến đổi sơ cấp trên ma trận chứa các vector cột như sau:
u v A B C D E u v A B C D E u v A B C D E
2 0 1 1 1 0 -2 0 1 1 1 0 -2 0 1 1 1 0
1 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0
2 5 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 -2 -1 -1 1 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 1
Theorem
numbers in R vectors in Rm
Ex1. The set {[1 -1]T, [2 3]T}R2 is called linearly independent since t1[1 -]T + t2[2
3]T = [0 0]T follows t1=t2=0.
Ex2. A set of vectors that containing zero vector never linearly independent.
Ex3. The set {(0,1,1), (1,-1,0), (1,0,1)} is not linearly independent because the
system t1(0,1,1)+t2(1,-1,0)+t3(1,0,1)=(0,0,0) has one solution t1=-1, t2=-1, t3=1
Examples
Show that {(1,1,0);(0,1,1);(1,0,1)} is linearly independent in R3
t1 1,1,0 t2 0,1,1 t3 1,0,1 0,0,0
... t1 t2 t3 0
t1 1,1,0 t2 0,1,1 t3 1,0,1 0,0,0
1t1 0t2 1t3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1t1 1t2 0t3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0t 1t 1t 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0
1 2 3
t1 t2 t3 0 independent
Fast way to determine a set of vectors is independent or not:
independent Number of leading 1s = member of vectors
Nhận xét:
A basis for the subspace U={[a b a-b]T: a,b R} is…
U phụ thuộc 2 tham số nên
a. {[1 0 1]T, [0 1 -1]T} dimU=2 và mọi cơ sở đều phải có
b. {[1 1 0]T} đúng 2 vector độc lập tuyến
c. {[1 0 1]T, [-1 0 -1]T, [0 1 -1]T} tínhchỉ có thể là a hoặc d.
d. None of the others. kiểm tra a: độc lập và sinh ra U
Exercises
The dimension of the subspace U=span{(-2, 0, 3), không thể là b vì dimUdimR3=3
(1, 2, -1),(-2, 8, 5),(-1, 2, 2)} is… kiểm tra bằng biến đổi sơ cấp
a. 2
1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -1 -2
b. 4
c. 3 2 8 2 0 0 12 4 4 0 1/3 1/3 }có đúng hai
d. 1 -1 5 2 3 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
X XX x1 x2 ... xm
d X ,Y X Y
Theorem
Dot product, Length, and Distance
Example 3
Solution
Dot product, Length, and Distance
Cauchy Inequality
X Y X Y
Dot product, Length, and Distance
Orthogonal Set (hệ trực giao)
A set {x1,x2,…,xm} is called orthogonal set if xi is
not zero vector and xi•xj=0 for all i≠j
For example, {(1,-1);(1,1)} is an orthogonal set
in R2
{(1,1,1);(-1,0,1);(0,1,0)} is not orthogonal set
but {(-1,0,1);(0,1,0)} is a orthogonal set
Orthonormal Set (hệ trực chuẩn)
A orthogonal set {xi} is called orthonormal set
(hệ trực chuẩn) is xi is unit vector for all i. For
example, {(1,0,0);(0,1,0)} is orthonormal
{(-3,0,4);(4,5,3)} is a orthogonal set, not a
orthonormal set. However, the set
1 1
3, 0, 4 ; 4,5,3
5 5 2
is orthonormal
Examples
The standard basis of Rn {E1,E2,…,En} is
orthonormal
If {F1,F2,…,Fk} is orthogonal then {a1F1,a2F2,
…,akFk} is also orthogonal for any nonzero
scalar ai
Every orthogonal set is a linearly independent
set
Pythagoras’s Theorem
If {F1,F2,…,Fk} is orthogonal then
2 2 2 2
F1 F2 ... Fk F1 F2 ... Fk
Expansion Theorem
Let {F1,F2,…,Fk} be a orthogonal basis of a
subspace U and X is in U. Then
X F1 X F2 X Fk
X 2
F1 2
F2 ... 2
Fk
F1 F2 Fk
5.4. Rank of a matrix
Hạng của ma trận
Rank of a matrix
If A is carried to row-echelon form then
rankA=number of leading 1’s
If A is an mxn matrix then rankA≤min{n,m}
rankA=rank(AT)
rowA and colA subspaces
rowA=span{rows of matrix A}
colA=span{columns of A}
dim(rowA)=dim(colA)=rankA
For example, find bases of colA and rowA if
1 1 1 2
3 2 0 5
A 2 3 3 4
1 1 1 3
0 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
3 2 0 5 0 1 3 1
A 2 3 3 4 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 3 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
0 1 3 1 0 1 3 1
0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0