Computer Graphics

Basics of Computer
Graphics
 Outline
 What is Computer Graphics?
 Advantages of Computer Graphics.
 Application of Computer Graphics.
 Basics of Computer Graphics.
 Various display devices.
 Raster graphics system.
 Random graphics system.
 Input devices.
 Graphics software and standard.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 2
 What is Computer Graphics?
 Computer graphics is an art of drawing lines, charts, pictures, etc.
using computers with the help of programming and tools.
 Computer graphics image isChart
made Titleup of number of pixels.
 Picture 14Element (Pixel) is the smallest addressable graphical unit
represented
12
on the computer screen.
10

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

Source: template.net

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 3
 Advantages of Computer
Graphics
 Most effective and commonly used ways of communication with
computer.
 It provides tools for producing
 picture of “real-world” ,
 synthetic objects such as mathematical surfaces in 4D and
 data that have no inherent geometry such as survey result.

Source: http://giphy.com/
Source: http://www.wallpapersxl.com/ Source: http://www.bugman123.com/ Source: http://fcpaprofessor.com/

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 4
 Contd.
 Possible to produce animations.
 Can move objects as well as observes as per requirement
 example walk through made by builder to show flat interior and
surrounding.

Source:Source:
http://www.netanimations.net/
http://giphy.com//

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 5
 Application of Computer Graphics
 User interface
 Example: App icon
 Simulation and animation
 Example: Cartoon films
 Plotting of graphs and charts
 Example: Stock exchange
Source: https://www.123rf.com
 Computer aided drafting and design Source: http://opensourceecology.org/
Source: http://www.abc.net.au/
 Example: Automobile parts designing
Source: http://giphy.com/

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 6
 Contd.
 Art and commerce
 Example: Creative pictures
 Cartography
 Example: Geographic maps
 Education and training
 Example: Models of physics
 Image processing Source: conncoll.edu
 Example: Editing Photos

Source: pinterest.com

Source: school-for-champions.com

Source: http://chainimage.com/

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 7
 Basics of Computer Graphics
 In computer graphics picture or graphics objects are presented as
a collection of discrete pixels.
 We can control intensity and color of pixel which decide how
picture look like.
 The special procedure determines which pixel will provide the
best approximation to the desired picture or graphics object, this
process is known as Rasterization.
 The process of representing continuous picture or graphics object
as a collection of discrete pixels is called Scan Conversion.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 8
 Display Devices
 Display devices are also known as output devices.

 Following devices we are going to study:

1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
2. Direct-view storage tubes (DVST)
3. Plasma Panels displays
4. Thin Film Electroluminescent Displays
5. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
6. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
7. Three dimensional viewing devices
8. Stereoscopic system
9. Virtual-reality

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 9
 1. Cathode-Ray-Tubes

Source: http://electronicspost.com/

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 10
 Contd.

Source: https://youtu.be/GzMh4q-2HjM

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 11
 Contd.
 There are two techniques used for producing images on the CRT
screen:
1. Vector scan/Random scan display.
2. Raster scan display.

Horizonta
Vertical OF ON l Retrace
Retrace F

Source: tutorialspoint.com

Source: eenadupratibha.net

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 12
 Architecture of a Vector Display
CPU

I/O Port

(Interaction data)
(Display command)

Display
buffer
memory Display controller CRT

Keyboard Mouse

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 13
 Architecture of a Raster Display
CPU

I/O Port

(Interaction data)
(Display command)

Keyboard
Display controller
Mouse

CRT
00000000000000000
000001111100000000
00000001000000000
00000001000000000
Video controller
T
00000001000000000

Refresh buffer

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 14
 Random Scan v/s Raster Scan
Base of Raster Scan System Random Scan System
Difference

Electron The electron beam is swept The electron beam is directed only
Beam across the screen, one row at a to the parts of screen where a
time, from top to bottom. picture is to be drawn.

Resolution Its resolution is poor. Its resolution is good.

Picture Picture definition is stored as a Picture definition is stored as a set

Definition set of intensity values for all of line drawing instructions in a
screen points, called pixels in a display file.
refresh buffer area.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 15
 Contd.
Base of Raster Scan System Random Scan System
Difference

Realistic The capability of this system to These systems are designed for line-
Display store intensity values for pixel drawing and can’t display realistic
makes it well suited for the shaded scenes.
realistic display of scenes contain
shadow and color pattern.

Draw Screen points/pixels are used to Mathematical functions are used to

image draw an image. draw an image.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 16
 Color CRT Monitors
 There are two basic techniques for color display:
1. Beam-penetration technique
2. Shadow-mask technique

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 17
 1. Beam-Penetration Technique
 In this technique screen is coated with two colours. Outer layer
with green and inner layer with red.
 Slow speed electron beam strike on red layer and produce red
colour.
 Intermediate speed electron beam strike on red and green layer
and produce two colour orange and yellow.
 High speed electron beam penetrate red and strike on yellow layer
and produce yellow colour. Slow Speed Electron Beam

Intermediate Speed Electron Beam

High Speed Electron Beam

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 18
 2. Shadow-Mask Technique

Source: https://youtu.be/_O-2D5ryb2A

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 19
 Cond.

Source: http://nptel.ac.in/

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 20
 Direct-View Storage Tubes (DVST)

Source: graphicsnotes.wordpress.com

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 21
 Flat Panel Display
 The term flat panel display refers to a class of video device that have
reduced volume, weight & power requirement compared to a CRT.

 We can separate flat panel display in two categories:

 Emissive displays: - the emissive display or emitters are devices that convert
electrical energy into light.
 Ex. Plasma panel, thin film electroluminescent displays and light emitting
diodes.

 Non emissive displays: - non emissive display or non emitters use optical
effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics
patterns.
 Ex. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 22
 Emissive Displays
 Plasma Panels displays
 Thin Film Electroluminescent Displays
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Source: http://66robo.blogspot.in/2012/08/led-excel.html

Source: slideshare.net/aroravinay/cg-display-devices
Source: slideshare.net/aroravinay/cg-display-devices

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 23
 Non Emissive Displays
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Source: http://skpang.co.uk/

Source: eenadupratibha.net

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 24
 Cond.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O-2D5ryb2A

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 25
 Three Dimensional Viewing Devices
Projected
3D image

Timing and
Control System Vibrating
Flexible
Mirror

CRT
Viewer

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 26
 Stereoscopic & Virtual-Reality Systems

Source: chip.com.tr

Source: pinterest.com

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 27
 Raster Graphics Systems
Simple raster graphics system

CPU System Video

Memory Controller Monitor

System Bus

I/O Devices

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 28
 Contd.
Raster graphics system with a fixed portion of the system memory reserved for the frame
buffer

CPU System Frame Video

Monitor
Memory Buffer Controller

System bus

I/O Devices

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 29
 Basic refresh operation of video controller

Raster Scan Horizontal and Vertical

Generator Deflection Voltages

X Y
register register

Memory Address Pixel Intensity

register

Frame Buffer

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 30
 Raster Graphics Systems with a Display
Processor

Display Frame Video

Monitor
Processor Buffer Controller
Memory

CPU Display System

Processor Memory

System Bus

I/O Devices

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 31
 Random-Scan System

System Display Monitor

CPU Memory Processor

System Bus

I/O Devices

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 32
 Input Devices
 Keyboards
 Mouse
 Trackball and Space ball
 Joysticks
 Data glove
 Digitizer
Source: kensington.com
Source: 123rf.com/photo_3854698_working-with-digitizer.html

Source: encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/data+glove
Source: commons.wikimedia.org

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 33
 Contd.
 Image Scanner
 Touch Panels
 Touch input can be recorded with following methods.
1. Optical methods
2. Electrical methods
3. Acoustical methods
 Light pens
 Voice systems

Source: http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/blog/2015/09/14/hey-siri-
Source: industrysearch.com.au
do-you-spy-on-me/
Source: javatpoint.com/input-devices
Source: wikihow.com

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 34
 Types of Graphics Software
 There are mainly two types of graphics software:
1. General programming package
Example: - GL (Graphics Library)
2. Special-purpose application package
Example: - CAD, medical and business systems

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 35
 Coordinate representations
 Except few all other general packages are designed to be used
with Cartesian coordinate specifications.
 If coordinate are specified is some other reference frame they
must be converted to Cartesian coordinate before giving input to
graphics package.
 Special-purpose package may allow use of other coordinates
which suits application.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 36
 Contd.
 In general several different Cartesian reference frames are used to
construct and display scene.
 An initial modeling coordinates position (xmc, ymc) in this illustration
is transferred to a device coordinates position(xdc, ydc) with the
sequence
(xmc, ymc) (xwc, ywc) (xnc, ync) (xdc, xdc).

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 37
 Graphic Function
 A general purpose graphics package provides user with Varity of
function for creating and manipulating pictures.
 Input functions are used for control & process the various input
device such as mouse, tablet, etc.
 Control operations are used to controlling and housekeeping tasks
such as clearing display screen etc.
 All such inbuilt function in graphics software which we can use for
our purpose are known as graphics function

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 38
 Graphics Software and Standard
 Primary goal of standardize graphics software is portability.
 Some of these standards are
• Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
• Adopted as a first graphics software standard by the international standard
organization (ISO) and various national standard organizations including ANSI.
• GKS was originally designed as the 2D graphics package and then later
extension was developed for 3D.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 39
 Contd.
• PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphic Standard)
• PHIGS is extension of GKS.
• Increased capability for object modeling, color specifications, surface rendering,
and picture manipulation are provided in PHIGS.
• Extension of PHIGS called “PHIGS+” was developed to provide 3D surface
shading capabilities not available in PHIGS.

Unit: 1 Basics of CG 40
Thank You