MIGRATION

15th Batch PGDHM (2010-2012)

Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
IIHMR, Jaipur
WHAT IS MIGRATION?

“A move from one area to another area during give interval of

time”

“Geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for

the purpose of establishing a new permanent or semi-
permanent residence”

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

IT’S IMPORTANT?
 A dynamic process - constantly changing Earth's landscapes and modifying
its cultures

 Third Component of Population Change

 Population change determined by ..

Basic Demographic Equation

Pt+n – Pt = Births – Deaths + In M – Out M

Or

Population Change = Natural Increase + Net Migration

In absence of Migration Data

Net Migration = Population Change - Natural Increase

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
WHY IT IS IMPORTANT?
 Developing world – less important as a determinant of pop change
 Demographic transition – Middle of demographic transition
 High fertility and low mortality
 Migration across international boundaries less than migration within

 Developed world – more important

 Low fertility and mortality

 Population change in province, districts, cities – great importance

 Determines size, Rate, Structure and Characteristics – drastic effect

 Distribution of the population

 Growth of labour force

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

DEFINITIONS

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra

Sharma
MIGRANT?
• Duration ?

• Certain distance?

• Not simply a matter of moving certain distance for a certain length

of time

• Attitude of Mind – Concept of Intention ‘Future Intention’

• Statistics-gathering organisation – arbitrary criteria

• International : duration ‘1 year’

• Internal : crossing political/administrative boundaries ‘with an

intention’
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
MIGRANT

Who change his usual place

 least once during the migration interval.
 Indian context,
 village in rural
 town in urban

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

DEFINITIONS
Area of For migration: area or place - a move is made
Origin: For migrants: an area of residence
at the beginning of migration interval from which last
move made for the current migration interval

Area of For migration: area in which a move terminates

Destination:
For migrants: area of residence at the end of migration
interval

Migration
Total number of moves made during a given migration
Streams:
interval
 common area of origin and of destination
 Mij - area i to j
 Mji - opposing stream
 Larger - dominant stream
 Smaller - Counter stream or the reverse stream
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
DEFINITIONS

Primary First move, ‘place of destination’

Migrants

Secondary More than one move from place of birth or usual residence ‘place of
Migrants destination’

Return
Migrant Moves back to the area of formal residence
 necessary to know origin and destination ‘at least two migration
period’
 not all return migrations are identified

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

 DEFINITIONS

Lifetime A person whose area of residence at census/survey date

Migrant differs from his area of birth

Lifetime Number of such persons in a population

Migration All the intercensal moves
Return Migration
Dies before Census

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

 DEFINITIONS – INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION
A move across international boundary

Immigration A move into a new country

Immigrant An international migrant who enters the

area from a place outside the country

A move out of home country

Emigration

Emigrant An international migrant departing to

another country by crossing the
international boundary

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

 DEFINITIONS – INTERNAL MIGRATION
A move within a Country

In migration A movement into a new administratively defined

area ‘Area of Destination’

In migrant a person who enters a migration-defining area by

crossing its boundary from some point outside the
area

Out migration A movement out of a administratively defined area

‘Area of Origin’

Out migrant a person who moves out from a migration-defining

area by crossing its boundary to a point outside it

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

 DEFINITIONS

Gross all moves or all migrants (‘Volume of Migration’)

Migration  Turnover - the sum of in-migration and out-migration, or of
in-migrants and out-­migrants

Net Balance of movements in opposite directions

Migration
 difference between in-migration and out-migration
 in-migration exceeds out-migration - "net in-migration”
(+)
 out-migration exceeds in-migration - "net out-migration”
(-)

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

TYPES OF MIGRATION
Stream of Migration
Internal migration: movements between rural and urban areas
1. Rural to rural migration
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Urban to rural migration
4. Urban to urban migration
Rural to urban migration - most important
 contributes to the transfer of labour force from the traditional
agricultural sector to the urbanized industrial sector
 linked with the process of urbanization

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION
 Rural to Urban Migration: A District Level Analysis
for India
 Author - Mitra, Arup Murayama, Mayumi

Abstract
Based on the recent census data this paper analyses the
district level rural to urban migration rates (both intra-
state and the inter-state) among males and females
separately.
Both the rates are closely associated irrespective of
whether the migrants originate from the rural areas
within the state or outside the state. This would suggest
that women usually migrate as accompanists of the
males.
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
ABSTRACT CONT’D…
 Though many of the relatively poor and backward states
actually show large population mobility, which is
primarily in search of a livelihood, the mobility of male
population is also seen to be prominent in the relatively
advanced states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid
migration of rural females within the boundaries of the
states is, however, evident across most of the regions.

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

ABSTRACT CONT’D…
 The social networks, which play an important role in the
context of migration are prevalent among the short
distance migrants and tend to lose their significance with
a rise in the distance between the place of origin and
destination though there are some exceptions to this
phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in the
Indian context is indeed a significant phenomenon with a
few exceptions of metropolitan cities.

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

ABSTRACT CONT’D…
 As regards the effect of factors at the place of
destination, prospects for better job opportunities are a
major determinant of male migration.
 Low castes and minority groups tend to pull migration
through network effects.
 Among females also these effects are evident though
with the inclusion of the male migration rate they
become less significant.

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra

Sharma
TYPES OF MIGRATION – DISTANCE OF
MIGRATION
 Short Distance Migration
 People moving out to areas under different blocks/ regions
but within the same district
 R – R migration
 Medium Distance Migration
 When migrants settle in a district different from the earlier one
but within the same state
 Long Distance Migration
 The movement is between two states within the same country
or between two different countries

1 & 2 are exclusively related to internal migration

 3 refers to both internal and international migration

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

SOURCES OF DATA
Census:
 Most important source of data on internal migration

 Direct questions on internal migration cover

 Place of birth,
 Place of last residence,
 Duration of residence in the place of enumeration
 Place of residence on a specified data before the census

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

2001 CENSUS
 Table D

 Place of birth

 Place of last residence

 Reason for migration

 Employment,
 Education,
 Marriage,
 Family moved
 Natural calamities
 Others.

 Duration of residence at the place of enumeration

 Classification of Migration : rural to urban, urban to rural, rural to rural

and urban to urban
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
CENSUS
• Intra-district migration: migration within a district

• Inter-district migration: migration across a district boundary

• Intra-State migration: migration within a state

• Inter-State migration: migration across a state boundary

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

Surveys:
 Useful in supplementing the information obtained from a national census -
in depth

 Characteristics of the migrants

 Motives for migration
 Attitudes towards migration

Rounds of the National Sample Survey : 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 49th ,
55th
Independent Agencies: In 1965, a sample survey on Rural Migration
Patterns in Southern Maharashtra by IIPS, Bombay

Population Registers:
 Information on internal moves involving residential changes - recorded in
continuous population registers.

 Useful for an analysis of interval between each internal migration.

 Korea, Taiwan, Sweden

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
METHODS OF MEASURING INTERNAL
MIGRATION

Direct techniques: based on data obtained from direct questions

obtained from data source:

(a) the place of birth of the person,

(b) the last or previous place of residence of the person,

(c) the duration of stay of a person at the present place of

residence

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

PLACE OF BIRTH

(i) Migrants or life-time migrants, defined as persons who are

enumerated in a place which is different from the place
where they were born; and

(ii) Non-migrants defined as persons who were enumerated in

the place where they were born

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

 Region of Region of Enumeration Total
Birth A B C

A NAA NAB NAC NA

B NBA NBB NBC NB
C NCA NCB NCC NC
Total N.A N.B N.C N

 Out Migrants from the Region A NAB + NAC = OA

 In-Migrants in Region A NBA + NCA = IA

 Diagonal element NAA, NBB, NCC: non-migrants of region A, B, C

 Net Migrants to the Region A = NMA = IA - OA

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantage:
 Question - simple and easy to ask and easily understood
 Easy to remember his/her place of birth,
 Accurate and complete.

Disadvantage:
 Single movement
 All persons enumerated at their places of birth are non-migrants
 Exclusion of return-migrants

Concerns:
 Answers to the census questionnaire by head of household
 Not to know the exact birth place of each member
 Possibility of deliberate misreporting for some political reasons
 Tendency to report a better-known place, instead of a little known or a remote rural
place

 Boundary changes in the political regions

 Girls to go to their parents' homes for their first delivery
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
DURATION OF RESIDENCE
 Person living in the place of enumeration all through live - non-migrant.

 Ever migrated:
(a) those born outside the area of enumeration
(b) those born in the area of enumeration who had at some time
lived outside it (return migrants).

 Advantage:
 return migrants

 2001 census:
(a) less than 1 year
(b) 1 to 5 years
(c) 5 to 9 years
(d) 10 year and above

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE
 Place of last residence - all migrants and covers all persons who had
migrated at any time during their life-time

 In order to ask Last move – important to ask place of birth

 Place of last residence cross-classified - place of enumeration

 volume of in-migration, out-migration and net migration

 Place of last residence - useful - when cross-classified duration of residence

 Advantage
 Reflects on a direct movement from the place of origin to the place of
destination

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

MIGRATION RATE
The number of migrants - may have migrated during a given migration
interval.

M
MR = *k
P
Where:
MR = Rate of migration for the specified migration interval

M = Number of migrations or migrants

P = Population exposed to the likelihood of migration during the interval

K= 100 or 1000.

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
 Age
 Adolescents and Youth Adults
 15-20 and 20-35

 Sex
 Revenstein 1985: Females appears to be dominate among short journey
migrants
 Asian and African Studies – Urbanization – Male predominates – Urban areas
 Rural Migration Pattern – female predominates
 Latin America, North America, Europe : reverse pattern

 Marital Status
 Unmarried tend to move more than married
 Half of the female migrate because of marriage

 Educational Attainment
 Important component
 Considerable higher educated than population in general

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE ?

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION

 Push-Pull Dichotomy
 Biological Characteristics of Migrants
 Age
 Sex difference
 Racial difference
 Difference in intellectual ability
 Physical strength

 Social Characteristics of Migrants

 Individual Characteristics of Migrants

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
 Migration - “A process of population redistribution”
both at national and international level
 Sending State and receiving state
 Change in the parameter of population such as
 A particular age-sex group
 A particular religion and caste group

 Professionals

 Skilled or unskilled labor

 Inlarge scale migration – Lasting effect on the composition of both

sending and receiving state
 Preference of a particular area among migrants

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
 Effect of Migration on individual moving out & also on the
people where they settle
 No effect on biological characteristics such as race, caste, religion,
intellectual level
 Effect on physical capacity – depending upon how easily one could
adapt to the changing climatic condition and physical and social
environment
 Substantial change in education, profession and social life

 Effect on birth and death

 Birth and death may get affected if migration between two areas
continue for long time leaving significant effect on composition of
the population
 Social Consequences of migration

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON HEALTH
 Epidemic / pandemic
 1881 – Cholera in India
 300,000 died n Russia alone

 1918 – Spanish Flue epidemic – killed 20 Million people

 SARS (SARS Coronavirus) (2002 – 03 - China) – 37 countries within 6 months

– 8096 know infected – 774 deaths
 American Businessman – traveling through CHINA – pneumonia like symptoms – died
in Vietnam

 Chikungunya in 2006-07 (Aedes) (tropical Africa and Asia – reunion islands)

 Human mosquito human transmission

 H1N1 (Swine Flue) 2009 – First Case reported in US

 Outbreak in Maxico

 Re-emergence of malaria in the areas

 Effective malaria eradication campaigns in 1950s and 60s.
 Exposure to disease – transport mosquitoes

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON HEALTH
 Task Force of International Union against TB and Lung Cancer
 High TB cases of foreign migrants

 HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases: mobility key factor

Health status of migrants

U Residents - R U Migrants – R Non Migrants

– Ghana - infant mortality is low among r-u migrants

– Increase in female education, use of health services and
family planning

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

INTERNAL MIGRATION
PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE

61.5
314,541,350

30.4
23.7
13.1
1.6

Total m igration Intra-district Inter-district Inter-state International

m igrants m igrants m igrants m igrants

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

TREND IN INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION BY PLACE OF LAST RESIDENCE

35.0 159.6 m 200.5 m

29.1 30.4 220.7 m 300.9 m
30.0 27.1 30.3
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4
0.0
1971 1981 1991 2001

% Internal Migrants % of International Migrants to Total

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF
MIGRANTS B STREAM (0-9 DURATION),
INDIA 2001
7 0

60.6
6 0

5 0

4 0
38.2

3 0
26.6 26.7

2 0
17.6
12.1
1 0
6.5 6

Rural to Rural to Urban to Urban to Rural to Rural to Urban to Urban to

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Intra State Inter State

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

SEX RATIO – MIGRANTS, 2001
(MALE PER 1000 FEMALE)

1085

865

481
422
323

All Migrants Intra-district Inter-district Inter-state International

m igrants m igrants m igrants m igrants

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

SEX RATIO BY RURAL & URBAN STREAM
(0-9 YEARS), 2001
MALES PER 1000 FEMALES

1480

984 970
842 796
651 648

257

Rural to Rural to Urban to Urban to Rural to Rural to Urban to Urban to

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Intra State Inter State

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

REASON FOR MIGRATION
(DURATION 0-9 YEARS), INDIA, 2001

Male Female
7 0

64.9
6 0

5 0

4 0
37.6

3 0
25.1
18.9
2 0 15.7
10.4
6.2 4.8 6.7
3.2 2.9 2.1
1 0

0.3 1.3
0

Work- Business Education Marriage Moved after Moved with Other

employment birth household

14.7 1.2 3.0 43.8 6.7 21.0 9.7

PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma

MAJOR
MIGRATIO
N NET
FLOW
(DURATIO
N 0-9
YEARS),
INDIA, 2001