CELLULAR

RESPIRATION
ELABORATE
Organisms need energy, Energy obtained through different
processes depending on type of organism. For animals,
humans, and other consumers, energy obtained by digesting
food. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler
molecules. Cells will then be use these molecules to release
their energy through a process called Cellular Respiration
PURPOSE:
To harvest electrons and use energy generated to make adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
ATP- is an energy carrier. It is used in most of the chemical
activities inside the cell.
The general chemical equation for cellular respiration as
follows:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(Glucose) (Oxygen) (Carbon Dioxide) (Water) (found in the chemical
bonds of ATP)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

Needs one molecules of glucose and six molecules of oxygen

gas to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six
molecules of water.
May look simple based on the equation, but it requires several
processes for the cell to harvest energy.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAS TWO TYPES OF
PROCESSES
• Anaerobic cellular respiration- does not involve oxygen,
and this process includes glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
(formation of acetyl coenzyme or acetyl CoA).
• Aerobic cellular respiration- involves oxygen, and this
process includes the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) and
oxidative phosphorylation( electron transport and
chemiosmosis).
WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION
OCCURS?
• Anaerobic cellular respiration- occurs in cytoplasm.
• Aerobic cellular respiration- occurs inside the
mitochondria.
The movement of electrons plays a major role in harvesting
energy for the cells. Oxidation involves either the addition of
oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a
molecule.
The removal of hydrogen atoms means a loss of electrons. When
a molecule is oxidized, it releases stored energy. The energy
released is captured by energy carriers.
THREE STAGES OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• Glycolysis
• Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
• Electron transport chain
STEP 1: GLYCOLYSIS
Occurs in the cytoplasm. It is splitting of glucose into two
pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules. In this process, the cell
generates two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. The cell
has to do four major steps to split glucose molecules into two
pyruvate molecules.
STEP A: GLUCOSE PRIMING
There are three chemical reaction in glucose priming.
1. A phosphate molecule is taken from ATP and transferred to the
glucose molecule, forming glucose -6- phosphate
2. The glucose-6-phosphate rearranged to form fructose-6-phosphate
3. Another phosphate molecule is taken from ATP and is attached to
fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose 1,6- bisphosphate
In this process, cell uses two ATPs.
 STEP B: CLEAVAGE AND REARRANGEMENT

Two chemical reaction are involve in this step.

4. Fructose – 1,6- bisphosphate splits into two, producing
dihydoxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde – 3-
phosphate (G3P).
5. Dihydoxyacetone phosphate is rearranged to form another
G3P.
In this step, two molecules of G3P are produced. Both of these
will be used in steps C and D.
STEP C: OXIDATION
In this step, G3P oxidizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
|(NAD+). Remember that oxidizing means the transfer of
electrons to another molecule. G3P transfers electrons to
NAD+ to form NADH( an electron carrier). In addition to
this process, a phosphate molecule is attached to G3P to
form 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate (BPG).
This steps produces one NADH per G3P molecules.
STEP D: ATP GENERATION
Four chemical reactions are involved in this steps.
7. A phosphate molecule is removed from BPG. The
phosphate removed is accepted by adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) to form ATP. This is also known as substrate level
phosphorylation, , wherein the phosphate is directly
transferred by a molecule. At the same time, it changes the
molecules to 3 phosphoglycerate
8. The 3GP molecule is rearrange is remove 2-
phosphoglycerate.
9. A water molecule is removed from 2 –phosphoglycerate to
form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
10. Another phosphate molecule is removed and transferred
to ADP, thus changing phosphoenolpyruvate to form
pyruvate.
The overall process of glycolysis yields a net of two ATPs
(four produced and two spent), two NADH, and two
molecules of water.
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
If oxygen is present, the pyruvate molecule produced in glycolysis undergoes further oxidation.
Pyruvate oxidation takes place inside the mitochondrion, specifically in the mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate’s energy is harvested in three intermediate chemical reactions.

1. A carbon molecule is removed from pyruvate to produce carbon dioxide (CO2).

The process of removing carbon molecules is called decarboxylation
2. The decarboxylated molecule(two- carbon molecule) is oxidized to form NADH.
3. The remaining two-carbon molecule (acetyl) is attached to coenzyme A to form
acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl CoA).
The overall process of pyruvate oxidation yields acetyl- CoA, NADH, and CO2 per
one molecule of pyruvate.
 STAGE 2: KREBS CYCLE OR CITRIC
ACID CYCLE
“ tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle “ a process wherein acetyl- CoA is
further oxidized to generate more energy. There are 10 chemical reactions
in this cycle, divided into three major segments.
Segment A: Acetyl- CoA + oxaloacetate
This reaction produce a six- carbon citrate molecule.
1. Acetyl- CoA removes its coenzyme A and combines with oxaloacetate
to form citrate. Oxaloacetate is initially formed from pyruvate by an
enzyme called pyruvate carboxylase, which contains ATP.
• Segment B: Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation
Six (6) chemical reactions are involved in this step.
2. Citrate atoms release molecule of water to form cis-Aconitate.
3. The water molecule will return in a different position to form
isocitatrate.
4. Isocitrate will produce NADH to form oxalosuccinate.
5. Oxalosuccinate releases CO2 to form a- Ketoglutatrate.
6. NADH and CO2 is released from a- Ketoglutatrate. At the same
time, coenzyme A is attached to form succinyl CoA.