Phylum Arthropoda

 Class : Insecta
Ordo Diptera
Ordo Diptera
 Mosquitoes
Sub Ordo: Nematocera
 MOSQUITOES

 Order : Diptera
 Sub Order : Nematocera
 Family : Culicidae
 SubFamily: Culicinae
 Tribus : Anophelini, Culicini,
Megharinini
Characteristic:
Body : Head, Thorax & Abdomen
Head : 1 pair Antennae, filiformis > head
Thorax :
 3 pairs of legs  on each segment
 1 pair of wings  mesothorax
 1 pair of halter (vestigial wing) 
metathorax
 Metamorphosis: Holometabolous
metamorphosis
Family : Culicidae
 Tribus :
1. Anophelini : Genus Anopheles
2. Culicini : Genus Culex, Aedes,
Mansonia
3. Megharinini : Genus Toxorhynchites,
Cannibal, live span 6 months
 Live cycle:
Holometabolus metamorphose.
egg The females are
Gonado the bloodsuckers;
thropic
cycle female can not
fertilisation
produce fertile eggs
without ingesting
blood
larva

pupa
Morphology of Culicidae
Terms (feeding habits) :
 Anthropophilic
 Zoophilic
 Zooanthropophilic
 Day biter
 Night biter
 Nigth and day biter
 Indoor/outdoor biter
 Endo/Exophilic
 Anophepeles Larva
 Head, thorak, &
abdomen
 No siphon 
spiracle (see the
next picture)
 Palmate hair (2)
 Resting posision 
horizontaly at the
surface of the
water
Egg, larva and pupa of Anopheles sp

Boat shape Spiracle (red arrow)

Float (+)

Cephalothorax (1)
Padle (2)
Resting (feeding) posision of
Anopheles sp
The body posision at an
oblique angle from
resting surface
 Anopheline Head
 Dichoptic eyes
 The Palps nearly as
long as the proboscis
(1,3) +
 Pylose antennae (2)

 Holoptic eyes
 Plumose antenae (1)
 The Palps nearly as
long as the proboscis 
(2,3)
 Clubbed shape palps
(2)
 Biological characteristic of
Anopheles sp
 Biting activity : night biter
 Host preference : cattle and human
 Habitat : fresh or brackish
water, river or beach
 depend on the
species
 Resting place : Exophilic
 Flying distance : 1,5 miles or 1,25 km
 Seasonal abundance: rainy season
 Medical importance: malaria & filariasis
 Breeding places
 Anopheles minimus : water savage, slow moving
water
 Anopheles balabacencis : rainy water, pit/water savage
 Anopheles aconitus : swimming pool, lake, rice
field, fast moving stream
 Anopheles sundaicus : brackish water
 Anopheles maculatus : water that exposured to sun, moving
stream water, rice
field.
 Culicine head

Female
 Pylose antenne (1)
 The Palpus shorter than +
the proboscis (3,2)

Male
 Holoptic eyes
 Plumose (1)
 The Palpus equaly length 
with the proboscis (2)
 Aedes sp Larva
 Head (1)
 Siphon  short
and fat (2)
 Anall gill’s (3)
 Thorax (4)
 Abdomen (5)

Aedes sp Egg
• Rugby shape
• Float (-)
• Laid singly on
dump surface
 Morphology of
Pecten teeth & Comb spines
 Comb spine is laid on
the 8th segment
abdomen.
 Pecten teeth is laid on
the siphon.
 Aedes sp
 Biting activity : morning and evening
 Host preference : human
 Habitat : Clear water
Cocoa pods
Rubber tyres
Septic tanks
Roof gutters
Refrigerator trays
Cementeries/ flower vases
 Resting place: Aedes aegypti  indoor,
Aedes albopictus  outdoor
 Flying distance : 100 – 300 meters
 Seasonal abundance: rainy season
 Medical importance :
Filariasis
DHF
Yellow fever
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
California Encephalomyelitis
Venezuela Equine Encephalomyelitis
  Lateral hair on Culex sp. Larva
each abdominal
segment (1)
 Siphon long and
slender (2), with
ventral hair tuft
 Anal gills (3)

• Banana shape
Culex sp. Eggs
• Float (-)
• 100-200 eggs are
aggregated on floating
rafts
 Culex sp
 Gonotrophic cycle: 5-8 days
 Biting activity : evening-night
 Host preference : human and animal
 Habitat : Poluted water
 Resting place : Outdoor, grass, bush etc.
 Fly distance : 1,25-5,1 kms
 Seasonal abundance: rainy season
 Medical importance:
Filariasis
Japanese B Encephalitis
St Louis Encephalitis
Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
California Encephalomyelitis
 Mansonia sp. Eggs

 Deposited in clumps
on aquatic plants 
sun ray appearance
 Piercing valve (+)
 They use the
piercing valve for
attaching to leaf.
 Float (-)
Mansonia sp. Larva
 Siphon has piercing
valve  attach to
water plant root.
 Mansonia sp
 Biting activity : night - morning
 Host preference : human and animal
 Habitat : water plant - swamp water
 Resting place : outdoor
 Male and female head  Culicini
 Flying distance : 1,5-3,2 kms
 Seasonal abundance: rainy season
 Medical importance: filariasis, virus
Aedes sp, Culex sp, Mansonia sp

 Resting posision
of Culicini:
The body posision,
parallel with the
resting surface
Proboscis not in
line with abdomen
 Mosquito Control Indices for
Aedes aegypti
1.No. of houses inspected for Aedes sp
2.No. of houses positive for Aedes sp
a. Aedes aegypti
b. Aedes albopictus
c. Combination
3. - House index : ?
- Container index: ?
- Breteau index: ?
 House Index : Number of houses or
buildings which the larva are found /
number of house that are inspected.

 Container Index: Number of containers with

the larva / number of container that are
inspected.

 Breteau index : Number of containers at

100 houses which the larva are found.

 All result in %
 REFERENCES
 Tham Ah Seng et al., Problem and
Solutions in vectro control. Presented at
Dengue Symposium University of Malaya,
7 November, 1992. pp:1-13
 Daniel Hosea Boeditjahjono et al.,
Parasitologi Kedokteran. Versi1.0
 Parasitology Arthropoda
Thenk’s