PATTERNS OF

DEVELOPMENT
 Objective:
 Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines
HOW DO YOU TELL A STORY OR
DESCRIBE SOMETHING?
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION  The most basic pattern of development
 DESCRIPTION  Describes how, when and where an event
 DEFINITION or occurrence actually happened
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ COMPONENTS OF NARRATIVE TEXT
CLASSIFICATION  Logical Actions
 COMPARISON AND  Way of Narration
CONTRAST  Terminology
 CAUSE AND EFFECT  Concrete Terms

 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 Goes into details about a
 DESCRIPTION specific object
 DEFINITION  Creates a mental picture
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ CHARACTERISTICS
CLASSIFICATION  Sensory Language
 COMPARISON AND
-arrange the details to provide an
CONTRAST
image of the scene
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 Two types of description
 DESCRIPTION
Objective Description
 DEFINITION
the writer presents impartial and
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ actual picture of the subject
CLASSIFICATION without biases and excluding
 COMPARISON AND personal impression of the
CONTRAST subject
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 Two types of description
 DESCRIPTION
Subjective Description
 DEFINITION
the writer gives personal
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ impression of what is observed
CLASSIFICATION
 COMPARISON AND
often used in making fiction
CONTRAST
stories
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION
 Explains not just what
 DEFINITION something means or is,
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ also what something
CLASSIFICATION does, what is used for,
 COMPARISON AND what looks like, etc.
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION  Methods of Definition
 DESCRIPTION Informal Definition
 DEFINITION Denotation is the
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ dictionary meaning of the word
CLASSIFICATION
Connotation it is how a
 COMPARISON AND
writer understands a word based
CONTRAST
on their own personal or
 CAUSE AND EFFECT consensual experiences.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION  Methods of Definition
 DESCRIPTION Formal Definition
 DEFINITION principal parts: the species (WORD) n
+ Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae
 EXEMPLIFICATION/
Ex: Skimming (species) is a reading
CLASSIFICATION
technique (class) of allowing the eyes
 COMPARISON AND to travel over a page very quickly,
CONTRAST stopping only here and there to gain an
 CAUSE AND EFFECT idea (differentiae).

 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 DEFINITION: By stating its
characteristics
 San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the
Philippines and today, it is known as one of the first-class
cities in the provinceof Laguna. It is also called the City of
Seven Lakes namely:Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap
Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and
Yambo lake. These seven freshwater lakes are crater form
of a steam-blast eruption from Mt. Cristobal.
 DEFINITION: By function

 In this time of global crisis, everyone is

responsible for their actions, such as
following the precautionary measures given
by the health experts to avoid the spread of
the virus.
 DEFINITION: By what it is
not

 Far from the normal situations that we

had before, the pandemic makes each
one of us skip buying unnecessary items.
 DEFINITION: By what it is
similar to

 Jollibee and McDonalds both offer

savory chicken and delicious pasta that
children love.
 DEFINITION: By Examples
 The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -
2021 amidst the pandemic is a great challenge to
the Department of Education. They continue
researching different alternative ways of teaching
and learning to be implemented in schools such as
online learning, modular learning, and lastly
learning from TV shows and radio programs.
 DEFINITION: By origin of word or
etymology
 Writers around the world define literature in
different ways. The origin of the word
literature is derived from the Latin word
Litera which means letter.
 DEFINITION: By its effect

 Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-

19, the world embraces the new normal. People
have become more conscious about sanitation and
hygiene. They now learn physical distancing in
public places. And, most of the people stay at home
either working or developing new hobbies and
exploring new things.
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
EXEMPLIFICATION
 DESCRIPTION
 Provides examples and
 DEFINITION illustrations in order to further
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ clarify or explain the concept or
CLASSIFICATION subject matter
 COMPARISON AND CLASSIFICATION
CONTRAST  Divides things into groups, classes
 CAUSE AND EFFECT or categories
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION  Organizes ideas into division
 based criteria or standards
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
EXEMPLIFICATION
 DESCRIPTION
transitional expressions in writing
 DEFINITION effective exemplification
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ May use: for instance, namely, to be
CLASSIFICATION specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for
 COMPARISON AND example,
CONTRAST in short, as an example.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
CLASSIFICATION
 DESCRIPTION
transitional expressions in writing
 DEFINITION effective exemplification
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ May use: classified as, one kind, the
CLASSIFICATION last group, another kind, another,
 COMPARISON AND final type, the first category, are
CONTRAST categorized as, the next part.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
Organizes ideas based on
 DESCRIPTION
 DEFINITION
how events, places, people,
 EXEMPLIFICATION/
things and concepts are
CLASSIFICATION similar to or different from
 COMPARISON AND one another
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRASTING

although despite instead Otherwise

And yet Even so however Still
As opposed to Even though nevertheless The fact
remains
but In contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely In spite of On the whereas
contrary
Counter to In the On the other yet
meantime hand
SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARING

also both In the same similarly

way
as In a similar like To compare
fashion
both In comparison likewise
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
Explains why something
 DESCRIPTION
happens or what results a
 DEFINITION
particular event produces
 EXEMPLIFICATION/
CLASSIFICATION
A. Paragraph emphasizing cause
 COMPARISON AND B. Paragraph emphasizing
CONTRAST effects
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION
Guide questions:
 DEFINITION
 Why did it happen?
 EXEMPLIFICATION/  What caused it?
CLASSIFICATION  What does it cause?
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST  What are the effects?
 CAUSE AND EFFECT  How is it related to
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION something else?

SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE

as for In view of (the Owing to (the

fact) fact)
Because (of the For the reason Inasmuch as Seeing that
fact) that
Being that In that One reason Since
Due to (the fact
that)
SIGNAL WORDS FOR EFFECT

accordingly consequently In consequence So that

As a For this reason so therefore
consequence
As a result (of hence So much (so) thus
this) that
Because (of
this)
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION
Focuses on either a
 DEFINITION problem or solution in
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ a particular area or
CLASSIFICATION situation
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 Present the Problem
Effects only Describe the problem only in terms of its
effects.
Use examples.
Causes and Outline the causes of the problem.
effects Discuss solutions in terms of preventive
measures.
Extended After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by
example using an
extended example (through a story or an
anecdote from your
introduction).
 Present the Solution
Preventive Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place
measures For example: How to prevent Covid-19
A series of Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if that
steps doesn’t work, try something else, etc.

For example: if you have a neighbor who does not wear mask nor
practice social distancing, you might first talk to him/her; if that
doesn’t work, arrange for a mediator; etc. (a last resort might be to
call the police).
Advice Give some advice and helpful hints.
A choice of Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
solutions unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing.
transitional devices can also help you
develop your text.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
but The problem One solution is First, second
The solution One way is nonetheless One reason for
the
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION
Convinces readers to
 DEFINITION agree to an argument
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ or claim about a
CLASSIFICATION particular topic
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

SIGNAL WORDS FOR EMPHASIZING A
POINT
again In that case To emphasize truly
For this reason indeed To repeat With this in
mind
In fact
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCLUDING AND
SUMMARIZING
accordingly consequently In brief inevitably
In a nutshell All in all Due to In conclusion
On the whole therefore As a result finally
In short since thus As I have said
In any event In summary In essence To sum up
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION He is perplexed by Sudoku
 DEFINITION puzzles, but others find them
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ much easier to solve than a
CLASSIFICATION crossword puzzle.
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION A vacation in Florida is an
 DEFINITION experience you will never
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ forget, offering sun, fun and
CLASSIFICATION beautiful beaches. Book
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
your trip today.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION The hero was virtuous, not
 DEFINITION like the evil villain.
 EXEMPLIFICATION/
CLASSIFICATION
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION His deep and soulful blue
 DEFINITION eyes were like the color of
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ the ocean on the clearest day
CLASSIFICATION you can ever imagine.
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION Some celestial bodies, such
 DEFINITION as the planets and stars, can
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ be seen with the naked eye.
CLASSIFICATION
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION She began to cry again. Mrs.
 DEFINITION Wilson was very sad because
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ she knew her sister loved the
CLASSIFICATION cat very much.
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION When water is heated, the
 DEFINITION molecules move quickly,
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ therefore the water boils.
CLASSIFICATION
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION Taxonomy is a system
 DEFINITION categorize in seven
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ divisions: Kingdom,
CLASSIFICATION Phylum, Class, Order,
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
Family, Genus and Species.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION There is a 30 percent of
 DEFINITION precipitation, such as Snow
 EXEMPLIFICATION/ or sleet.
CLASSIFICATION
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 PERSUASION