Device Overview

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1

 Objectives

On completion of this chapter, you will be

able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data traffic is exchanged
between source and destination devices
• Identify the roles and functions of a hub,
switch, and router, and where they best fit in
the network
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
given set of network requirements

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-2

 Written Exercise: OSI Model
OSI Model PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-3

 Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES

• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-4
 Physical Layer Functions

Defines

EIA/TIA-232
• Media type

Ethernet

802.3
• Connector type

Physical

V.35
• Signaling type

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-5

 Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3

10Base2—Thin Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet

Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair

Hosts

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-6

 Hubs Operate at Physical layer

Physical

A B C D

• All devices in the same collision domain

• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-7
 Hubs: One Collision Domain

• More end stations means

more collisions
• CSMA/CD is used

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-8

 Data Link layer Functions
Defines
• Physical source and
destination addresses

Frame Relay
Data Link
802.2
• Higher layer protocol

HDLC
(Service Access Point)

Ethernet
associated with frame
• Network topology
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Frame sequencing v.35
• Flow control
• Connection-oriented
or connectionless
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-9
 Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)

MAC Layer - 802.3

# Bytes 8 6 6 2 Variable 4
Preamble Dest add Source add Length Data FCS

Ethernet II
uses “Type”
0000.0C xx.xxxx here and
does not use
IEEE assigned Vendor 802.2.
assigned

MAC Address

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-10

 Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
802.2 (SNAP)
# Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 3 2 Variable

Dest SAP Source SAP Ctrl OUI

Type Data
AA AA 03 ID

OR 802.2 (SAP)
# Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 Variable
Dest Source
Ctrl Data
SAP SAP

Preamble Dest add Source add Length Data FCS

MAC Layer - 802.3

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-11
 Switches and Bridges Operate
at Data Link Layer
Data Link

1 2 3 4 OR 1 2

• Each segment has its own collision domain

• All segments are in the same broadcast domain
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-12
 Switches

Switch
Memory
• Each segment has its
own collision domain
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-13

 Network Layer Functions

• Defines logical

Network
source and IP, IPX
destination
addresses

Frame Relay
associated with a

Data Link
802.2

HDLC
specific protocol

Ethernet
• Defines paths
through network
Physical

802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Interconnects v.35
multiple data links
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-14
 Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Network Layer End Station Packet

Source Destination
IP Header Data
address address

Logical
Address
172.15.1.1
Network Node

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-15

 Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal path
determination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-16

 Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-17

 Network Structure Defined by
Hierarchy
Core Layer

Distribution
Layer

Access
Layer

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-18

 Access Layer Characteristics

Access Layer

End station entry point to the network

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-19

 Distribution Layer
Characteristics
• Access Layer
Aggregation Point Distribution Layer
• Routes traffic
• Broadcast/Multicast
Domains
• Media Translation
• Security
• Possible point for remote access

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-20

 Core Layer Characteristics

Core Layer

• Fast transport to enterprise services

• No packet manipulation

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-21