1

INDICATORS OF
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
GROUP 9
NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS 2

1. ITURO SARAH LOUIS 058-772

2. ANDREW KABI KENNETH TABAN 027-491
3. ABUNUMAH ELOHOR CHIBUZOR 059-839
4. HILALIUS THEOPHIL MUSSA 055-479
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INDICATORS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

 Maternal mortality
 Antenatal care coverage
 Total fertility rate
 Contraceptive prevalence
 Prevalence of anemia in women
Maternal mortality 4

 If a mother dies during her pregnancy or up to 42 days after giving birth, that is
maternal mortality

 Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are a common threat. Developing

countries however often lack life-saving medical health care for mothers and
children

 Maternal morbidity is any condition that is attributed to or aggravated by

pregnancy and childbirth which has a negative impact on the mother’s wellbeing
or functioning
Incidental and accidental maternal mortality 5

Incidental
this refers to any event or cause that interrupts a process and thus is inconsistent
with the definition of deaths due to indirect obstetric causes
These include many diseases that appear suddenly during pregnancy, childbirth or
perception that is after birth

Accidental
These are events that interrupts a process. These are deaths due to direct obstetric
causes
These include; incorrect treatment, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
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Factors contributing to maternal mortality

 Inadequate human recourses for health

These include medications that mothers are supposes to take during pregnancy,
these are medicines like folic acid for strength in bones which is healthy for both the
mother and child so when these are not at a mother’s disposal then there are high
chances of maternal mortality

 Delay in seeking health care

Some women take long to start antenatal care, some start as late at five months
which is harmful for both the baby and mother. They are supposed to start as early as
the first trimester so this becomes a challenge leading to maternal mortality in some
cases because a baby might get some complications unknowingly
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Continuation…………

 Lack of ambulance (transportation)

In some cases during labor there might be a delay in transportation to the hospital
which eventually puts both the baby and mother at a high risk because there could be
some complications that can occur for example the baby might be in breech position
and with the delay of transportation it can lead to death of both the mother and baby

 Delay in referral services

Here a mother could have gone to a health center that doesn’t have all the facilities
needed for a safe delivery and so they should be referred to a bigger hospital as soon
as possible but when that is delayed the mother could suffer a great complications
that could even lead to death
Cont.……….
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 Inadequate equipment
Some health facilities lack delivering equipment for mothers for example when a
mother needs to undergo a cesarean section and some equipment are not available, it
will not be right to proceed with the procedure because when they do procced the
operation has high chances of failing leading to death of mother or the bab0y which
is a challenge
Complication of anesthesia or cesarean section. These are all classified as accidental
maternal mortality because it is direct

Many of these maternal mortality can be avoided if preventive measures are taken up
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Preventive measures of maternal mortality

 Access
Improve access to patient centered comprehensive care for women before, during and
after pregnancy, especially in rural and underserved areas
 Safety
Improve quality of maternity services through efforts such as the utilization of safety
protocols in all birthing facilities
 Workforce
Provide continuity of care before, during and after pregnancies by increasing the
types and distribution of health care providers
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Cont. ……

 Life course model

Provide continuous team-based support and use a life course model of care for
women before, during and after pregnancies
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Antenatal care coverage
 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit) is the percentage of women aged 15 to
49 with a live birth in a given time period that received antenatal care provided by
skilled health personnel (doctor, nurse or midwife) at least once during pregnancy.
 Proportion of antenatal care (ANC) mothers who were screened for syphilis
during pregnancy: At the time of delivery, Number of pregnant women who had
been screened for syphilis during the antenatal period/Total number of live births
× 100.
 Antenatal care is essential for protecting the health of women and their unborn
children. Through this form of preventive health care, women can learn from
skilled health personnel
Objectives 12

 The objective, therefore, of antenatal care is to assure that every wanted

pregnancy results in the delivery of a healthy baby without impairing the mother’s
health.
Major goals of ANC are to
 Promote and maintain the physical, mental, and social health of mother and baby
by providing education on nutrition, personal hygiene, and birthing process;
 Detect and manage complications during pregnancy, whether medical, surgical, or
obstetrical;
 Develop birth preparedness and complication readiness plan;
 Help prepare mother to breastfeed successfully, experience normal puerperium,
and take good care of the child physically, psychologically, and socially.
Problem affecting Operation of Antenatal care services 13

There are many factors that act as barriers to effective antenatal care:
 Poor access—due to inadequate or nonexistent communication facilities.
 Poverty—services not affordable because of commercialization of health services and
high cost of living.
 Prevailing cultural norm—where women need their spouses’ consent before receiving
care and the examination of a woman by a male obstetrician is not acceptable;
 Patient’s perception of the quality of antenatal care services which is negatively
affected by
 (I) Prolonged outpatient waiting time,
 (ii) Increasing interventions, for example, induction of labour, caesarean section, and
blood transfusions
Solution to the problems 14

 Empowering husbands to escort their wives to attend antenatal would encourage

and motivate many mothers completing antenatal visits, adhering to drugs and
utilizing other antenatal services since this would be making planning easier. The
good outcome for both babies and mothers has led to positive attire of many
mothers towards ANC.
Pregnancy and birth care options for women 15

Pregnancy, Labour and birth cares

 Cares during pregnancy, labour and birth may include midwives, your general
practitioner, an obstetrician or a combination of all three. It is a good idea to talk
to healthcare professionals, family and friends about your options, and what to
expect from the different types of pregnancy care available.
 Midwives
Midwives have special training and skills in caring for women during pregnancy,
labour and birth. They also care for newborn babies in the days and weeks after birth,
including helping the mother with breastfeeding. Midwives can be men or women.
A midwife will consult with you to Supervise, care for and advise you during your
pregnancy also support you during your baby’s birth
Cont. ……… 16

Obstetricians
Obstetricians are medical doctors with specialist training and skills in caring for
mothers and babies during pregnancy, birth and the period straight after birth. They
are specialists in:
 Maternity care (obstetrics)
 Women’s reproductive health (gynecology).
 Obstetricians provide some of the care at a public hospital antenatal clinic. You
may see an obstetrician if they are on duty at the time of your appointment,
depending on the hospital and your level of risk. You are more likely to see an
obstetrician if your pregnancy is, or becomes, complicated, or if you choose to see
an obstetrician as a private patient.
POLICY OF ANTENATAL CARE IN UGANDA 17

 The recent Uganda Maternal Health review revealed that access to the basic
antenatal care services has significantly declined
 The ministry of health, Uganda in adherence of WHO recommends a simplified
antenatal care of four visits;
 First visit: occurring in the first trimester, between (10 – 20) week of pregnancy
 Second visit: scheduled close to week 26 (20 – 28) of pregnancy
 Third visit: occurring in or around week 32 (28 – 36) of pregnancy, and lastly
Fourth visit (final visit): taking place between weeks 36 and 38 (>36) of
pregnancy