Paper ID: 359

Staged Transient and Dynamic Operation Tests

of Hybrid Energy-Storage-System
Configurations in a LVDC Microgrid
Duong Minh Bui, Phuc Duy Le, Thanh Dung Nguyen, Khoi Minh Nguyen

Presenter: Dr. Bui Minh Duong – Vietnamese-German University, Viet Nam

Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn 1
Contents

1. Introduction, aims and objectives

2. Theoretical backgrounds on different ESS configurations for the

LVDC microgrid (MG)

3. A 12V DCMG prototype, a test procedure and staged test

scenarios

4. Experimental results, analysis, discussion, and conclusion

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 1. Introduction, Aims and Objectives (1)

Three main assumptions are figured out from previous researches:

1. The power output of photovoltaic generation (PG) sources is normally dynamic due to
random weather conditions.
2. The shortcomings of battery energy storage system (BATT-ESS) can be solved by
combining both batteries and super-capacitors to form a hybrid ESS (Super-capacitors
are mostly used for the transient operation while batteries are normally used for the
dynamic operation in the DC microgrid).
3. The voltage stabilization in the DC microgrid, especially at the off-grid mode, may be
different according to the ESS configurations.

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1. Introduction, Aims and Objectives (2)

This research aims to:

1. Clearly understand transient and dynamic operation responses of multiple ESS
configurations to stabilize the voltage in the LVDC MG at the off-grid mode.
2. Three ESS configurations (BATT-ESS, SC-ESS, and BATT-SC-ESS config.)
are practically investigated in the DC microgrid testbed to select the most
appropriate config. for the off-grid DC MG.
3. Staged test results from the DC MG testbed are compared to simulation results
from PSCAD software for the practice-theory validation.

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 2. Theoretical backgrounds on ESS configs (1)

A. Semi-active and full-active HESS

- The super-capacitor system can be operated

within a wide range of voltages. The direct
connection of battery can effectively stabilize DC
Fig. 1 Classification of HESS topologies with the battery and the SC bus voltage.
- However, the passive connection of the battery
unavoidably exposes the battery to high current
fluctuations that has negative impact on battery's
lifetime.
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 2. Theoretical backgrounds on ESS configs (2)

A. Semi-active and full-active HESS

- Adaptable to control the charging or discharging

current of the battery system.
- Not required to match the DC bus
Fig. 1 Classification of HESS topologies with the battery and the SC voltage; allowing the flexible and efficient sizing
and configuration of battery bank.
- The linear charge/discharge characteristic of the
super-capacitor causes large fluctuation in the DC
bus
 poor power quality and system stability.
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 2. Theoretical backgrounds on ESS configs (3)

A. Semi-active and full-active HESS

Fig. 1 Classification of HESS topologies with the battery and the SC

- The BATT system is used to meet the low-frequency power exchanges.

- The supe-rcapacitor system can be programmed to response to the high-
frequency power surges and regulate the DC bus voltage. 7
 2. Theoretical backgrounds on ESS configs (4)

A. Semi-active and full-active HESS

Fig. 1 Classification of HESS topologies with the battery and the SC

- The bidirectional converter of the battery is current-controlled to provide

smooth power exchange with the battery.
- The bidirectional converter of the super-capacitor is normally voltage-controlled to
regulate the DC bus voltage while absorbing the high frequency power exchanges. 8
2. Theoretical backgrounds on ESS configs (5)

B. Non-isolated DC-DC bidirectional converter and control strategies

(1)
(2)

where
en  Eq. (1) is used when the power-type load and the output
h os
C power are worked as the droop feedback.
 Eq. (2) is applied when the current signal is obtained.
 mp and mc are coefficients of the droop control.
 vDCi is output voltage of the i-th converter.
 vDC is the rated DC voltage value.
 Poi is the output power of the i-th converter, and ioi is the
output current of the i-th converter.

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3. A 12V DCMG testbed, and staged tests (1)

Leybold’s synchronously adjustable

circular rheostats
Solar panels

VLRA AGM Globe 12V – 7.5A

16.5F supercapacitor banks FLUKE’s

437II
Power and
Energy
Smart PV Charge Controller Analyzer

A NIBDC: Renesas’s
ISL81601EVAL1Z with the built-in
ISL81601 microcontroller
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3. A 12V DCMG testbed, and staged tests (2)

Fig 2. The whole framework of staged transient and dynamic operation tests 11
 3. A 12V DCMG testbed, and staged tests (3)

  MS CB MS CB MS CB   MS CB MS CB MS CB
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3

Test Scenarios in Semi-Active Configuration (Scenarios 1 ~ 6) Test Scenarios in Full-Active Configuration (Scenarios 7 ~ 12)
BESS BESS
SC SC
Rheo- R- Rheo-
Yes No Yes R-Closed No
stats BESS- Closed stats BESS-
SC SC
R- R- R-
Yes Yes R-Closed
BESS Closed Closed BESS Closed

Con- SC Con- SC
stant No D-Open Yes stant No D-Open Yes
5%R BESS- 5%R BESS-
SC SC

Note: “D-open” means that the CB is opened after the data logging has started; “R-closed” means that the CB is always closed
during the test case; and “Yes or No” means that which measurement is taken for different experiment tests.

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4. Experimental results, analysis and conclusion (1)

(a) Measured V and I values at

the MPPT_PV block

Briefly described:
• The resistive load was changing from 100% to 10%.
• Only after the load had been set to 5%R that the PCC
current is increased again.

(b) Measured V and I values at the • The current ripple is high above 2%.
PCC of the MG

Fig. 3 Rheostats scenario results when

using the semi-active BATT-ESS 13
4. Experimental results, analysis and conclusion (2)

(a) Measured V and I values at

the MPPT_PV block

(b) Measured V and I values at the
PCC of the MG
Briefly described:
• The resistive load was changing from 100% to 10%.
• The combination of BESS and SC introduced more
deviation in the current at steady state, but again, they
are all kept within 2% tolerance.
• The full-active BATT-SC-ESS can effectively regulate
the voltage at the PCC.

Fig. 4 Rheostats scenario results when using

the full-active BATT-SC-ESS 14
 4. Experimental results, analysis and conclusion (3)

Table 1. Summary of Observations from the Staged Test Results

Semi-active Observed results Expected results
Voltage instability at both loads and sources; slow response time; passive element dominates
Only BESS
charge/discharge routine until the load is high enough.
Rheostats Only SC
Significantly improved voltage stability at the PV-source side. Low voltage drop; Fast
BESS_SC
No noticeable instability at load. response time of voltage
SC_BESS
stabilization
Only BESS
A high current spike at reconnection of DC source.
Constant BESS_SC
5%R Only SC A subdued current spike/ripple at the reconnection time of DC source.
SC_BESS Reduced voltage drops at both sources and loads.
Full-active Observed results Expected results
Severe voltage and current ringing at source and load.
Only BESS
Very slow response time with high overshoots and undershoots.

Rheostats Only SC No voltage or current ringing. Significantly improved stability. Very fast response time.
Stabilize the PCC/load
No voltage or current swing/ripple. voltage with fast response
BESS_SC time
Significantly improved stability. Fast response time.
Only BESS Slow response time, current ringing at source
Constant
Only SC Significantly improved response time. Current ringing at the source.
5%R
BESS_SC Improved response time. Reduced current ringing/ripple at source 15
4. Experimental results, analysis and conclusion (4)

Conclusion:
1. In most experiment and simulation cases, the integration of SCs to the DCMG
could improve the voltage stability to the previously unstable responses.

2. Active DC sources with the combinational use of SCs, BESSs, and power
converters can provide the effective voltage stabilization from transient and
dynamic operation cases of the DC MG.

3. Furthermore, high-frequency or low-frequency power exchanges between DC

sources (such as PV-sources, BATTs and SCs) and loads (such as constant and
variable loads) were observed, as a result, the voltage at PCC was kept extremely
stable in the DCMG.

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