EARTH &

LIFE
SCIENCE
Quarter 1 Week 2

Topics:
Classification of Rocks
Exogenic Processes
 Earth and Life Science

ARE YOU READY?

pen and paper
learning Modules
presence of mind
(and heart)
react and interact
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, you will be able to:

a. Classify rocks into igneous,

sedimentary, & metamorphic; and
b. Explain how the products of
weathering are carried away by
erosion and deposited elsewhere.
What are ROCKS?
Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the
liquid outer core.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or
more minerals.

https://www.civilclick.com/types-of-stones/
The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held together by
chemical bonds.
Grains can be different in color texture, and sizes.
ROCK FORMATIONS: Only in the Philippines!

Coron, Palawan Rock Formation

Turtle Rock Formation, Sagada

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What do you call the scientific
study of the composition,
texture and structure of rocks?
 PETROLOGY: Science of Rocks
Geologist group rocks into three categories based on how they are formed:
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock.

PETROLOGY
is the scientific
study of rocks.

https://www.onlinedegree.com/careers/life-physical-science/petrologist/

Petrologist classify rocks based on how they were formed

and based on their other characteristics.
Classification of Rocks

https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-rocks
 IGNEOUS ROCKS

from ignis which means fire

formed by volcanic activity

(hardening and crystallization of
magma)

classified further by their

origin, texture, and mineral
composition.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/07/texture-
of-igneous-rocks.html
 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS (based on origin)
Extrusive Rocks Intrusive Rocks
aka Volcanic rocks aka Plutonic rocks
□ formed above the □ formed
ground when lava underground
flows or explodes (plutons) from
from a volcano. magma
 ORIGIN OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

https://slidetodoc.com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
 Texture of Igneous Rocks (based on texture)
Texture depends on the size and shape of the crystals when the rock forms.
This is due to the cooling rate of the rocks.

1. Aphanitic Rocks 2. Phaneritic Rocks

* fine grains and small * coarse grains with large
crystals crystals
* Produced by RAPID Cooling * produced by SLOW Cooling

*This is associated with * This is associated with

extrusive rocks. intrusive rocks.

https://slidetodoc.com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
Igneous Rocks

OBSIDIAN
is formed above ground
cools quickly, but it
forms no crystals and
has a glassy texture.

https://slidetodoc.com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks

Low Silicates High Silicates

usually appears dark in usually appears light in
color color

Peridotite Pumice

https://slidetodoc.com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
Uses of Igneous Rocks

https://slidetodoc. Classifying Rocks Rocks

are classified as either Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic. - ppt download (slid
eplayer.com)
com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/earth/if-rocks-could-talk2/three-types-of-rock
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions
that existed in the Earth’s past.

Particles of sand, shells and

pebbles, and other fragments
of materials called
sediments, accumulate in
layers and over long period of
time harden into rocks.

https://slidetodoc. Classifying Rocks Rocks

are classified as either Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic. - ppt download (slid
eplayer.com)
com/intrusive-and-extrusive-igneous-rocks-1-what-are/
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

1. CLASTIC- formed from accumulation of clasts- little pieces of

broken rocks and shells.
Shale

Breccia
Conglomerate

Sandstone
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
2. CHEMICAL - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a
solution.
 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
3. ORGANIC- made from the remains of plants and animals: and
may contain fossils.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed through a series of processes:

https://eschooltoday.com/learn/sedimentary-rocks/
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
EROSION is the transfer of rocks from one place to another due
to wind, water or ice.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
DEPOSITION happens when the sediments from erosion settle
out of the wind, water, ice and are left or deposited in a different
place.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
COMPACTION
Sediments build up over time and press down on the layers below.
This squeezes the layers so that the particles or grains stick together.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

CEMENTATION
Minerals that are dissolved in water start to
crystallize.
These crystallized minerals “glue” the solids
or grains together.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- Formed from pre-existing rocks: either igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic.
(This is different than intrusive igneous rock, because you are starting with
a rock, not magma. The rock melt only a little.)
Metamorphism- transformation of one rock type
into another
 Two Types of Metamorphism
A. Contact Metamorphism B. Regional Metamorphism

mainly by heat due to due to changes in pressure

contact with magma and temperature over
large region of the crust.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
2. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- the grains are random and do not split into layers
Hornfels

Quartzite
 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
1. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- appeared banded or layered

Schist
Common Metamorphic Rocks and their Protoliths
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed through a series of processes:

erosion

deposition

compaction

cementation

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/822047738223190221/
Summary of Three Types of Rocks
Summary of Three Types of Rocks
Summary of Three Types of Rocks
Activity: Concept Mapping

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Contact
Instrusive Clastic Metamorphism

Regional
Extrusive Non-clastic Metamorphism
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
-are geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
-are geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
WEATHERING – refers to the process of disintegration
and decomposition of rocks.

Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering

 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Physical / Mechanical Weathering – the breakdown of rocks
into pieces without any change in its composition.
Factor Description
1. Pressure Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain range.
After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying rocks and
sediments may erode. At the point when the pressure
diminishes, the rock expands, cools and became brittle and
fractured.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
2. Temperature Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high temperature.
However, if the temperature drops to 00C ( freeing point of water),
it also expands and causes fracture.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
2. Frost Wedging Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when
water accumulates in the crack and at that point
freezes, the ice expands and breaks rock apart.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
4. Abrasion The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction.
This primarily occurs during collision of rocks, sand, and silt
due to current or waves along a stream or seashore causing
sharp edges and corners to wear off and become rounded.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
4. Abrasion The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction.
This primarily occurs during collision of rocks, sand, and silt
due to current or waves along a stream or seashore causing
sharp edges and corners to wear off and become rounded.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
5. Organic The roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand,
Activity and in the long run, break the rock.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
6. Burrowing Animals like rats, rabbits, and squirrels excavate into the
Animals ground to create a space for habitation.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Factor Description
6. Human Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests and
Activity cultivating land contribute to physical weathering.
Learning Task: identify the factors of physical
weathering shown in the picture.

Organic Activity
Learning Task: identify the factors of physical
weathering shown in the picture.

Human Activities
Learning Task: identify the factors of physical
weathering shown in the picture.

Burrowing Animals
Learning Task: identify the factors of physical
weathering shown in the picture.

Burrowing Animals
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
CHEMICAL WEATHERING – decomposes rocks through chemical
reactions that change the original rock-forming minerals.
Chemical Reactions Description
1. Dissolution It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in
water.
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Where can You Find?
The picture below is an 8.2 km long
underground river known for its majestic rock
formation. Where in the Philippines can you
find this subterranean river?
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemical Reactions Description
2. Hydrolysis Rock-forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and
feldspar react with water and form different kinds of
clay minerals.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemical Reactions Description
3. Oxidation It is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron
oxidizes, the mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an
example of this chemical reaction.
Learning Task: Identify the factors of chemical
weathering shown in each picture.

Dissolution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

Dissolution
Learning Task: Identify the factors of chemical
weathering shown in each picture.

Dissolution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

Oxidation
Importance of Weathering
Weathering is an important process in the
formation of SOIL.
Soil is a mixture of grains, organic matter, water,
and gas.
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Who discovered the
Mohs Scale of
Hardness?
Description