SECTION 4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

BFA 4033
SOLID WASTE AND
HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
DR AESLINA ABDUL KADIR

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• BLUE for paper products

• BROWN for glass products
• ORANGE for can, plastic products
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Recycling Price
• 1. A4 paper (white/black) RM0.30/kg
• 2. A4 paper (color) RM0.15/kg
• 3. Magazine RM0.22/kg
• 4. Old newspaper RM0.24/kg
• 5. Aluminium can RM3.50/kg
• 6. Plastic Bottle RM0.50/kg
• 8. Steel RM0.70-RM1.20/kg
• 9. Cooking oil RM1.00kg
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Aluminium can
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Plastic
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Paper and Cardboard

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Glass
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Tyre
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Old
Clothes
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Original cigarette butts

Disinfected cigarette butts

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CBs after compaction Comparison between compacted samples with and without CBs

Compacted CB Compacted samples with CBs

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RESULTS
l INTRODUCTION l OBJECTIVE l METHODOLOGY l RESULT l DISCUSSIONS l CONCLUSIONS l

2.5%
0.0 %

5.0 % 10.0 %

Comparison of appearance of bricks made with different percentages of CBs

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RESULTS
l INTRODUCTION l OBJECTIVE l METHODOLOGY l RESULT l DISCUSSIONS l CONCLUSIONS l

0.0 % 2.5%

5.0 % 10.0 %

Cross sections of bricks manufactured with different percentages of CBs

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• RECYCLING OF MATERIALS
FOUND IN MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE
 

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Introduction
• Recycling of postconsumer
materials found in MSW
involves:
(1) the recovery of materials
from the waste stream,
(2) intermediate processing
such as sorting and
compaction,
(3) transportation, and
(4) final processing, to
provide a raw material for
manufacturers or an
end product.

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KEY ISSUES IN MATERIALS RECYCLING

• Fundamental issues in materials
recycling include identification of

(1) the materials that are to be

diverted from the waste
stream,
(2) reuse and recycling
opportunities, and
(3) specifications of buyers of
recovered materials

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Identification of Materials to Be Diverted

• Solid waste managers attempt to maximize
landfill life and minimize operating costs and
decide the type of material that should be
pulled from the waste stream to meet
diversion goals.

• Materials with a high market value (e.g.,

aluminum) are often recovered by consumers
and comprise only a small amount of the
material that enters the waste management
system.

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Identification of Reuse and Recycling
Opportunities
• Officials charged with developing
a recycling program must
consider the markets for
recovered materials, the
collection infrastructure, and the
overall cost.

• The market depends on the

quality of materials, overall
industry capacity, and the cost of
competing raw materials.

• Markets are created by legislation

that develops a long-term
demand and by advances in
technology.

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ALUMINUM CANS
• U.S (1990) – 85 Billion aluminium
beverage container were produced
and more than 53.8 billion were
returned

• Aluminium cans constitute less than

1% of MSW

• Recycling make economic sense for

several reasons:
i. Recycling provides a stable,
domestic source of aluminium
ii. The energy required to produce a
can from recycled aluminium
iii. Recycled cans are uniform and
known composition
iv. Recycling allows aluminium can
manufactures to compete favorably
with glass and bi-metal container
manufacturer

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PAPER AND CARDBOARD
• Paper constitutes the largest
component of MSW represent 25 to
40% of the total.
• Discarded paper can be reused caused
by economic and logistical
consideration
• Types of paper recycled – newspaper,
corrugated cardboard, high graded
paper, mixed paper.
• Major uses recycled paper – pulp
subtitutes, de-ink grades, bulk grades
and others.
• Market for recycled paper – affected
by the general economy because a
large portion of low grade paper is
used to make building products and
container for consumer good.

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PLASTICS
• 1973 – 29 billion pound of plastic were produced.
1990 – 54 billion pounds
• Early 1970, plastic in MSW have increased from 3 %
to 7 % in 1990 to 15% in 2010
• Advantages of plastics
a) they are light, and thus reduce shipping cost
b) they are durable and often provide a safer container
c) they can be formed into a variety of shapes and can
be formulated to be flexible or rigid
d) they are good insulator
• Comprise 7% of MSW by weight
• Type of plastics recycled – PETE, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP,
PS and others.
• Processing plastic steps for recycling – bale breaking
and sorting, granulation and washing, separation,
drying, air classification, electrostatic separation,
reclaim extrusion and pelletizing
• The problem encountered in marketing:
I) Low value of recovered plastics.
ii) Lack of infrastructure
iii) Low specific weight
iv) Potential contamination.

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GLASS
• Glass constituent 8% by weight of
MSW
• 90% is flint, green, or amber
bottle and container glass and
remaining 10% is glassware and
plate glass
• Benefit recycling glass
a) reuse the material
b) energy saving
c) reduced use of landfill space
• The uses of glass – glass bottle
and container, fiberglass and
other.

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FERROUS METAL
• MSW contain about 6% tin can
and other steel product.
• Sources of steel – household or
commercial appliances (white
good), broken or used consumer
electronic and automobile,
discarded building material,
industrial scrap, bicycles frame
and others.
• Demand for steel scrap is related
to the general economy and to
the demand for new autos,
machine tools and heavy
construction equipment.
• Categories of ferrous metal now
recovered from MSW are tin cans
and scrap metal

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NON-FERROUS METALS
• Nonferrous metal composed about
3.6% of MSW including commercial
and industrial wastes.

• Recyclable materials are recovered

from common household items;
construction and demolition project;
from large consumer, commercial and
industrial products.

• Nonferrous metal can be recycled if

they are sorted and free of foreign
material.

• Non Metal are sorted according to

alloy type and manufacturing process

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YARD WASTES COLLECTED SEPARATELY

• Yard waste are collected and
process separately to reduce the
amount of material going to
landfill

• Yard waste are placed in

container or in street for
collection.
• Principal recycling opportunities:

a) the production of compost

b) the production of landscape
mulch
c) use as a biomass fuel
d) use as intermediate landfill
cover material

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ORGANIC FRACTION OF MSW

• Component that constitute the
organic fraction of MSW are food
waste, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, rubber, leather, yard waste
and wood – can be recycled
separately or as commingled waste.

• The component can be recovered

separately by source separation or
at MRF, they can also be recovered
from MSW in commingled form by
removal of inorganic.

• Principal reuse and recycling

opportunities are the production of
a) compost
b) methane
c) organic compound
d) refuse derived fuel

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CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

• Construction and demolition
waste result from construction,
renovation and demolition
building.

• Made up of about 40 to 50%

rubbish, 20 to 30% wood and
related product, and 20 to 30%
miscellaneous wastes.

• Material that are recovered from

construction and demolition waste
include asphalts, concrete, wood,
drywall, asphalts shingles and
metals.

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WOOD
• Wood waste are a major component of yard
waste and account for more than 25% of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste.

• Commonly categorized according to the source

of generation: harvested wood waste, mill
residue, pallet and container, construction and
demolition wastes and other wood wastes.

• Wood reuse has increased as a result of higher

tipping fees, landfill diversion program and
developing markets.

• Primary end uses are for boiler fuel and

landscaping, with lesser amount used for landfill
cover, pulp and paper mill feedstocks,
intermediate landfill cover and wastewater
treatment plant sludge composting.

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WASTE OIL
• U.S (1991) -1.5 billion gallons of petroleum
derived waste oil were produced.
• 790 million gallons associated with automotive
uses and 560 million gallon were generated
industrially
• 56% of waste oil from generators passes
through a regulated management system of
collectors, reclaimers and marketer.
• 34% of waste oil is disposed either by lanfilling,
incineration or dumping
• 49% is burned for cement manufacturing, space
heating and commercial, industrial and marine
boilers
• Waste oil contain metals, chlorinated solvent,
and miscellaneous organic compound.
• The recycling of used oil is an efficient use of
resources.
• Waste oil that passes through the regulated
system is treated by reprocessors or re-finers

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USED TIRES
• In U.S 281 million tires are replaced
annually – 237 million are
discarded, 10 million are reused
and 33.5 million are retreaded.

• 14% of discarded tires are used as

fuel, 5% are used for rubber
modified asphalt, crumb rubber and
miscellaneous uses and 4% are
exported.

• Tires are no longer buried at landfill

because they occupy a large
volume and tend to rise the surface.

• Principal reuse opportunities for

rubber tires are for retreading and
remanufacturing, tire-derived fuel
and rubber-modified asphalt.

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HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES
• In US 2.5 billion household batteries
are purchased annually.
• Batteries contains mercury, cadmium,
lead and other metals.
• Environmental Protection Agency has
found that household batteries are
the source of more than 50% of the
mercury and cadmium in MSW.
• Recycling is difficult because very few
companies have the technology to
process household batteries and there
is no convenient collection
infrastructure.
• Mix button batteries are difficult to
sort and may present a storage
hazard due to mercury vapor
emissions
• Alkaline and carbon-zinc batteries
containing mercury are not recyclable
and must be disposed of in hazardous
landfills.

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FUTURE RECYCLING OPPORTUNITIES

• Recycling are limited for many materials, source reduction will
assume more importance for those waste material that are
now typically discarded.

• manufactures can contribute to a solution

a) by reducing the amount of material used per
container
b) by using single material rather than composites
c) by using recycled materials
d) by clearly identifying the type of material to
facilitate recycling

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