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PAINTING

ANJANA GOWRI
PAINTING AND PAINTS
 Painting
 Practice of applying paint to a surface (known as base
material).
 To impart decorative and protective finish.

 The base material can be concrete, wood, metal, masonry or

plaster surfaces.

 Paints
 Liquid compositions of pigments and binders
 Thin coats applied dry to form a solid film

 Film imparts smooth, decorative and protective finish to that

surface.
PURPOSE OF PAINTING
 Protection:
 Paint serves as a protective shield between the base materials and the deteriorating
elements
 The elements can be sunlight, temperature variations, fresh and salt water, water

vapour, rot, mildew, chemicals, and abrasion.


 Preserve timber elements against warping and decay.

 Prevent corrosion of metals.

 Illumination :
 Light colours reflect light and help brighten the room.
 Gloss paints reflect more light and create glare hence should be avoided.

 Improve general appearance of the structure.


 Sanitation And Cleanliness:
 Paint coating provide smooth, non-absorptive surfaces which are easily washed and
kept free of dirt.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
PAINT
 It should form hard and durable surface.
 It should give attractive appearance.
 It should be cheap and readily available.
 It should be easily applicable.
 It should have good spreading quality (max. area in min.
quantity)
 It should dry in reasonable time.
 It should not show hair cracks on drying.
 It should form film of uniform colour on drying.
 It should be stable for a longer period.
 It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies.
CONSTITUENTS OF PAINT

A paint generally has the following


constituents:
Base
Vehicle or carrier
Drier
Colouring Pigment
Solvent or thinner
BASE
 Solid substance in fine powder form.
 Forms bulk of the paint.
 Generally a metallic oxide.
 It determines the character of paint and imparts durability to the
base material.
 Provides opaque coating to hide the base material.
 Commonly used bases are:
 White lead
 Red lead
 Oxide of zinc (zinc white)
 Oxide of iron
 Titanium white
 Antimony white
 Aluminium powder
VEHICLE OR CARRIER OR BINDER
 Liquid substance holding the various constituents in liquid
suspension.
 Helps in spreading the paint evenly on a surface.
 Generally preferred vehicles are:
 Various forms of linseed oils :
 Dry linseed oil thinner for interior work.
 Double boiled linseed oil dries quickly for external work
 Tug oil for superior quality paints
 Poppy oil for lasting colours
 Nut oil
DRIER
 Used to accelerate the process of drying and hardening.
 Works by extracting oxygen from the atmosphere and transferring
it to the vehicle.
 Not used in final coat as they reduce the elasticity of paint
 Two types:
 Liquid driers: Finely ground compounds of cobalt, lead and manganese
dissolved in a volatile liquid
 Paste driers: Cobalt, lead and manganese mixed with large percentage
of inert fillers like barytes and ground in linseed oil.
 Advantages of inert fillers are:
 Reduce cost of paint
 Improve durability
 Modify the weight
 Prevent shrinkage and cracking
o They are also known as adulterants and hence should
not be used in excess.
o Weight should not exceed one-fourth the weight of the
base.
o Generally used driers are:
 Litharge (PbO)
 Red Lead (Pb3O4)
 Sulphates of zinc
 Sulphates of manganese
o Litharge is most commonly used.
o Lead driers avoided with zinc paints.
COLOURING PIGMENT
 Added to base to give different colours.
 The desired shade is obtained by the use of single or combination
of the pigments.
 Major types based on their origin are:
 Natural Colours : Ochres, Umbers and iron oxides
 Calcined Colours : Lamp black, Indian red, carbon black,
Red lead
 Precipitates : Prussian blue, chrome green, chrome
yellow
 Lakes : Prepared by discolouring barytes or
china clay with the help of suitable dyes
 Metal powders : Powders of aluminium, bronze, copper,
zinc, etc
TINT AND THE PIGMENT USED
 Black  Lamp black, carbon black, bone black, graphite
 Indigo, Prussian blue, cobalt blue, ultramarine
 Blue  Burnt umber, raw umber, burnt sienna, Vandyke
brown
 Brown  Paris green, Chrome green, Green earth,
virdigris copper sulphate
 Green  Indian red, venitean red, vermillion red,
carmine, red lead
 Chrome yellow, raw sienna, yellow occhre, zinc
 Red
chrome

 Yellow
SOLVENTS OR THINNERS
 Added to make the paint thin so that it can be applied easily.
 Helps the paint in penetrating the porous surface of the background.
 Reduces the gloss of paint.
 Most commonly used thinner is turpentine oil.
 For external use minimum quantity of turpentine is used as it is
affected by weather.
 Few paints and the thinners used in them are:
 Oil paintsSpirit of turpentine, Naphtha and Benzine
 Cellulose paints Ethyl amyl acetate
 Distempers Water
CLASSIFIACTION AND
TYPES OF PAINTS

Three major classifications:


 Based on binders
 Based on the ultimate use

 Mixed classification
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
BINDERS

 Oil paints
 Paints based on non-oil resins

 Cellulose paints

 Water based paints

 Miscellaneous paints
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
ULTIMATE USE

 General purpose paints, including primers, under-


coat and finishing coat paints
 Acid and alkali resistant paints

 Fire resistant paints

 Fungicidal paints

 Miscellaneous paints such as fire resistant paints,

anti condensation paint etc.


MIXED CLASSIFICATION
 Aluminium Paint
 Finely ground aluminium suspended in quick drying spirit varnish or slow-
drying oil varnish
 A thin metallic film of aluminium is formed when the spirit or oil evaporates.

 For wood work or metal surface

 Advantages:

 Weather resistant

 Water proof

 Highly heat reflective

 Corrosion resistant

 High electrical resistance

 High covering capacity

 Visibility in darkness

 Better appearance
 Anti-corrosive Paint
 Protect metal surface from corrosion
 Oil (mostly linseed oil), strong drier and colouring mixed with fine sand.

 Cheaper than white/lead paints.

 Lasts longer

 Disadvantage : Gives a black appearance

 Asbestos Paint
 Contains fibrous asbestos
 For surfaces exposed to acidic gases and steams and also for patch work

or stopping leakage in metal roofs.


 Painting gutters, flashings etc to prevent rusting.

 Bituminous Paint
 Prepared by dissolving asphalt or tar in naphtha or white spirit.
 Alkali resistant

 Gives black colour and deteriorates when exposed to sunlight.

 Used for under water steel and iron mains


 Bronze Paint
 Vehicle : nitro-cellulose laquer
 Pigment : aluminium bronze or copper bronze

 High reflective property

 For interior and exterior metallic surface and on radiators

 Casein Paint
 Casein (protein extracted from milk) mixed with base having white
pigments
 Applied on walls, ceilings wall boards etc.

 Tinted in any desired shade

 Little quantity of varnish added while using exteriorly.

 Cellulose Paint
 Prepared from nitrogen-cotton, celluloid sheets, photographic film and
amyl acetate substitutes.
 Paint hardens by evaporation of solvent

 Gives very smooth finish

 Very high cost

 Used for painting motor cars and aero planes


 Cement-based Paint
 Base: White or colured cement
 No oil content

 Readily made by mixing water to powder to obtain thick paste and diluting

it
 Water proof

 Mainly for external surfaces

 Colloidal Paint
 No inert material
 More settling time because of colloidal properties

 Emulsion Paint
 Vehicle : Synthetic resins like polyvinyl acetate
 Highly alkali resistant

 Quick drying (1 ½ to 2 hrs)

 Good workability and high durability

 Film formed initially is emulsified in water so that it is thinned.

 Painted surface is washable with water

 Useful on surfaces containing free alkali.


 Enamel Paints
 Contains metallic oxide(white lead or zinc white), oil, petroleum spirit
and resinous material.
 Dries slowly

 Produces hard, impervious, glossy, elastic smooth and durable film.

 Painted surface unaffected by acid, alkali, or any fumes

 Commonly used on doors, windows, metal grills etc.

 Graphite Paints
 Black colour
 For iron surfaces in contact with ammonia chloride, sulphur gases etc.

 Used for mines and underground surfaces.

 Inodorous Paints
 Has white lead or zinc white mixed with methylated spirit.
 Shellac with traces of linseed oil and caster oil is mixed with spirit.

 Spirit dries quickly leaving behind thin film of shellac.


 Oil Paints
 Most commonly used
 Vehicle : Linseed oil, boiled linseed oil, tug oil etc.
 Base : White lead, red lead, titanium oxide etc.
 Mainly 3 coats : prime, under and finish coat
 Cheap, easy to apply and has good capacity and low gloss
 Used in all general works like walls , ceilings etc
 Not suitable for humid and damp weather
 Plastic Paints
 Base: Plastic
 Quick drying, high covering power and decorative appearance
 Silicate Paints
 Has calcined and finely ground silica and resinous substance
 Silica imparts good adhesion
 Becomes hard and durable on drying
 Heat and alkali resistant
 Synthetic Rubber Paints
 Has synthetic resins dissolved in appropriate solvents
 Acid, alkali and moisture resistant
 Dries quickly with uniform colour
 Moderate cost
 Applied on cement concrete (internal and external)
PAINTING NEW WOOD WORK
 Mainly has six major steps:
 Preparation of surface
 Knotting

 Priming

 Stopping

 Under-coatings

 Finishing Coat
 Preparation Of Surface
 Surface dusted to remove dust and foreign matter
 Heads of nails punched to a depth 3 mm below the surface
 Greasy spots removed using white muslin soaked in turpentine
 Surface dried and glass papered.

 Knotting
 Process of covering the knots in wood work with substances
 They prevent resins from coming out
 Two methods : Ordinary knotting and Patent
 Ordinary knotting :
 Two coats applied.
 Second applied 10 mins after first coat.
 First coat is of heated solution of red lead, water and glue
 Second coat is of a solution of red lead, linseed oil and turpentine
 Patent:
 Coat of hot lime
 Scraped off after 24 hrs.
 Ordinary knotting carried out
 Priming
 Process of applying first coat of paint (primer) to close the pores
 Surface rubbed with abrasive paper
 Proportion of ingredients in paint varied from consecutive layers
 Usually it has 3kg each of red lead and white lead mixed with 3L of
turpentine
 Different composition for internal and external work
 Applied before fixing the wood work in position.
 Stopping
 Process of rubbing down surface by pumice stone or glass paper
 Cracks and nail holes filled with putty ( chalk +linseed oil)
 After putty dries up, surface again rubbed with pumice stone
 For hard work hard stopping is done one-third white lead + ordinary
putty
 Under coatings
 Second and third coatings applied
 First coat is prime coat
 Same shade as finishing coat
 Sufficient time for drying provided between the coats
 For superior work, each coat rubbed down by pumice stone before
next coat
 Finishing Coat
 Applied after the under-coat is perfectly dry
 Should be smooth, uniform and free from patches and brush marks
 Applied by a skilled painter only
RE-PAINTING OLD WOOD WORK
 Oil paint removed by:
 Applying solution of caustic soda and water
 Applying mixture of soft soap, potash and quick lime and washed
off after 24hrs.
 Applying mixture of washing soda and quick lime and washing off
after an hour.
 Surface cleaned using pumice stone or glass paper
 Two or three fresh coats applied.
PAINTING NEW IRON AND
STEEL WORK
 Cleaning of surface:
 Scale and rust cleared by scrapping or brushing with steel wire
brushes.
 Oil and grease by washing surface with petrol or benzene.

 Cleaned surface treated with film of phosphoric acid to prevent


rusting and improves adhesive property.
 Prime or first coat (red lead and linseed oil) applied using brush.
 Two or more under-coats applied after the previous coat is
completely dry.
 Final coat applied after the under-coats dry.
DEFECTS IN PAINTING
 Blistering
 Caused by bubbles under paint film.
 Formed due to water vapour trapped behind the surface.

 Bloom
 Formation of dull patches
 Defect in paint or bad ventilation

 Crawling or sagging
 Excessive thickness of paint
 Fading
 Gradual loss of colour
 Effect of sunlight on pigments

 Flaking
 Dislocation of small portions of painted surface
 Due to poor adhesion
 Flashing
 Formation of glossy patches
 Due to bad workmanship, cheap paint or weather action

 Grinning
 Defect in which the background or surface of base material is
clearly seen.
 Due to insufficient opacity of final coat.

 Running
 Formation of small areas not covered by paint.
 Due to very smooth base surface which causes the paint to run.

 Sponification
 Formation of soap patches on painted surface
 Due to chemical action of alkalies.

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