PHYSICS 1

ADE SARA SABILA NASUTION

NORA DAMANIK
ZILAN SYAHIRANI
 2
CONTENTS

1. SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES FOR STUDYING

NATURAL OBJECTS USING EQUIPMENT

2. THINGS OF SUBSTANCE AND ITS

CHANGES

3. PARTICLE KINEMATICS

4. FORCE AND PRESSURE

5. WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

 1. SCIENTIFIC 3

1.
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES FOR 4. FORCE
STUDYING NATURAL OBJECTS 5. WORK
USING EQUIPMENT
Scientific Method

Principal Quantities & Derivative Quantities

Basic Measurement
 4

Scientific Method
The operational steps of the scientific method are:
1. Formulation of the problem
2. Hypothesis formulation
3. Hypothesis testing
4. Drawing conclusions
1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS
-Scientific Method
3. PARTICLE
-Principal Quantities &
Derivative Quantities 4. FORCE
-Basic Measurement
5. WORK
 1. SCIENTIFIC
5
Principal & Derivative Quantities 2. THINGS
Principal quantities are quantities whose units have been defined or
3. PARTICLE
determined by standard. (m, s, kg)
Derived quantities are quantities that are derived from one or more basic 4. FORCE
quantities. (m3), (kg/m3), (m/s)
5. WORK

Table 1. SI . Base Quantities and Units -Scientific Method

-Principal Quantities &
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement
1. SCIENTIFIC
6
There are two other systems of units that are often found in
2. THINGS
addition to the SI, namely:
3. PARTICLE
a. Gaussian system, a lot of physics literature is still stated in this
4. FORCE
system.
5. WORK
b. The British system is still widely used in the former British
colonies (America, England, Australia, and other places).
The basic units are length (foot), force (pound), and time
-Scientific Method (second). With the official acceptance of SI, the British system is
-Principal Quantities &
being phased out in England.
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement

Basic Measurement
Accuracy in Measu
rement
The accuracy and
accuracy of the results of
a measurement depends
on the measuring
instrument used. The
smaller the division of the
scale of a measuring
instrument, the greater the
accuracy of the
measurement results or
the smaller the error.
Significant Figures
The numbers on the scale
seen on the measuring
instrument contain exact
figures and estimated
figures. The measurement
results which consist of
exact figures and
estimated figures are
called significant figures.
1. SCIENTIFIC
7
2. THINGS
Measurement Usi 3. PARTICLE
ng Measuring
Tools 4. FORCE
In physics (IPA) there
5. WORK
are a lot of tools used for
scientific research in the
laboratory related to:
Length, Mass, Time
Temperature
-Scientific Method
-Principal Quantities &
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement
Accuracy in Measurement 1. SCIENTIFIC 8

2. THINGS
The main sources of error in measurement are:
3. PARTICLE
➜ Systematic Error ➜ Accidental Error ➜ Observation
-Tool error (random) Error 4. FORCE
-Zero error -On symptoms that Observation error is a 5. WORK
-Incorrect response cannot be controlled measurement error
time with certainty that originates from
-Unsuitable -On repeated the lack of skill of
conditions measurements, so the humans when
results obtained vary carrying out
from the average measurement
-Scientific Method
value activities
-Principal Quantities &
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement
 9
Significant Figures 1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS
The rules for determining a significant figure are as follows:
a. All non-zero numbers including significant figures 3. PARTICLE
Example: 5.35 has 3 significant figures
4. FORCE
b. All zeros written after the decimal point include significant figures
Example: 3.60 has 3 significant figures 5. WORK
27.00 has 4 significant figures
c. Zeros written between significant figures are also significant figures
Example: 508 has 3 significant figures
20.70 has 4 significant figures
d. Zeros are written before non-zero numbers and only serve as a decimal point
pointer, not including significant figures
-Scientific Method
Example: 0.4 has 1 significant figure
-Principal Quantities &
0.0760 has 3 significant figures
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement
 1. SCIENTIFIC 10
Measurement Using 2. THINGS
Measuring Tools
3. PARTICLE
a. Length Measuring Tool
Length measuring tools are ruler/ruler, roller meter (measuring tape), caliper, 4. FORCE
micrometer, and spherometer (for curvature).
5. WORK
b. Mass Measuring Instrument
The tool for measuring mass is a balance. Some types of balances are: market
balance, two-arm balance, three-arm balance, bathroom balance, electronic balance,
and others.

c. Measuring Tool
Tools for measuring time are stopwatches, watches, wall clocks, atomic clocks. It
was also known as a sundial and an hourglass.
-Scientific Method
d. Temperature Measuring Tool
The instrument for measuring temperature is a thermometer -Principal Quantities &
Derivative Quantities
-Basic Measurement
 1. SCIENTIFIC 11

2.
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
THINGS OF SUBSTANCE AND ITS 4. FORCE
CHANGES 5. WORK

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Changing the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 12
Form of Substance 2. THINGS

Solids: The particles are very close together, so the bonds are the strongest. 3. PARTICLE
Liquids: the distance between the particles is less than that of solids, so the
4. FORCE
bonds between the particles are less strong than solids.
Gaseous substances: the distance between the particles is very wide 5. WORK
compared to liquids, so the bonds between the particles are very weak
compared to liquids.

A substance that is heated (given heat), the motion of its particles

Form of Substance
Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance
becomes faster, this means it requires more space to vibrate. If
one day the motion is getting stronger, then the distance between
the particles becomes more tenuous and what is observed is that
the object changes shape

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 13

Temperature and the Role of Heat in 2. THINGS

Changing the Form of Substance 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE
→ Temperature
5. WORK

→ Thermometer

→ Thermal Expansion Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 14
1. Temperature
2. THINGS

➜ Temperature states the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. The 3. PARTICLE

higher the temperature of an object, the higher the degree of heat it has. If 4. FORCE
the temperature of an object is high, the particles that make up the object
move at high speed. 5. WORK

➜ Temperature states the level of kinetic energy of the particles of a

substance. The higher the temperature of the object, the greater the kinetic
energy of the particle. The greater the kinetic energy of the particles, the
greater the heat energy. Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 15
2. Thermometer
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
➜ A thermometer is a device for measuring temperature,
made based on physical changes in objects. When an object 4. FORCE

is heated or cooled some of its physical properties change. 5. WORK

These physical properties that change with temperature are
called thermometric properties.

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 16
2. Thermometer
2. THINGS
a. Scale of multiple thermometers
3. PARTICLE
Celsius scale (C), Reamur scale (R), Fahrenheit scale (F), Kelvin scale
(K), and Rankine scale (Rn). 4. FORCE

5. WORK

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 17
2. Thermometer 2. THINGS
b. Type of Thermometers
3. PARTICLE
All types of thermometers are based on symptoms of a certain
4. FORCE
physical quantity that changes when the temperature changes
(thermometric properties). By utilizing the thermometric 5. WORK
properties of substances, several types of thermometers can be
made, including: liquid thermometers (glass thermometers), gas
thermometers, electrical resistance thermometers (pyrometers),
thermocouples, and so on.
Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 18
3. Thermal Expansion
2. THINGS
➜ If a substance is given heat / heat, then the substance undergoes:
3. PARTICLE
a) change in temperature (experience an increase in temperature)
b) change of form/phase 4. FORCE

c) expansion (experiencing an increase in size) 5. WORK

➜ The amount of increase in the size / dimensions of objects is
determined by:
a) type of object
b) the initial size of the object
c) the amount of heat supplied Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC
A. Expansion of solids 19

2. THINGS
When a solid is heated, its temperature rises and expands.
3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE
→ Length expansion
5. WORK

→ Wide expansion
Form of Substance

Temperature
→ Volume expansion and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 20

1. Length expansion 2. THINGS

The coefficient of expansion of length (α) is defined as the ratio between the increase in 3. PARTICLE
length of a substance (∆L) and its original length (Lo), for each temperature increase of
one temperature unit (∆T). 4. FORCE

5. WORK

The difference in the expansion properties of various substances is determined by the

coefficient of long expansion of each substance.
Form of Substance
α = ∆L / ( Lo∆T )
∆L = αLo ∆T Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
∆L = LT – Lo ging the Form of Substance
LT = Lo (1 + α ∆T)
Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 21
2. Wide expansion 2. THINGS
The coefficient of area expansion of a substance (β) is the ratio between the increase in
the area of the substance (∆A) and the original area (Ao), for each temperature increase 3. PARTICLE
of one temperature unit (∆T).
4. FORCE
Solid objects in the form of planes, such as iron plates or sheets of glass, are more
appropriate in terms of expansion or expansion of the plane. The area expansion of 5. WORK
various substances depends on the coefficient of area expansion.
β = ∆A/ (Ao∆T), β= 2 α
∆A= β. (Ao ∆T)
∆A=AT –Ao
AT = Ao ( 1 + β . ∆T )
Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 22
3. Volume expansion 2. THINGS

The volume coefficient of a substance (γ) is the ratio between the increase in 3. PARTICLE
volume (∆V) and the initial volume (Vo), for each temperature increase of one
temperature unit (∆T). 4. FORCE

Objects in the form of cubes, blocks, spheres and so on, when heated will 5. WORK
experience volume expansion. The volume expansion of various substances (solid,
liquid and gas) depends on the coefficient of volume expansion

γ= ∆V/(Vo ∆T)
∆V= γ. (Vo. ∆T)
∆V=VT –Vo
VT = Vo (1 + γ ∆T) Form of Substance
β= 3 α Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC
B. Expansion of liquids and gases
23

Liquids or gases always follow the shape of the container a liquid or 2. THINGS
gas is put in a bottle, so the shape resembles a bottle. Because they
have these properties, liquids and gases only experience volume 3. PARTICLE
expansion.
4. FORCE
γ= ∆V/(Vo ∆T) Form of Substance
5. WORK
∆V = γ(Vo∆T)
Temperature
∆V=VT –Vo and the Role of Heat in Chan
VT = Vo (1 + γ ∆T) ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
The relationship between volume (V), pressure (P), temperature (T)
that can occur is as follows:
PV = CT or = C An ideal gas is a gas that satisfies the equation PV
= = nRT for all pressures and temperatures

It can be concluded that the equation of state for an ideal gas:

PV =nRT
 1. SCIENTIFIC
C. Water Anomaly
24

2. THINGS
It has been mentioned above that each substance when heated will increase in
volume due to expansion, but this does not apply to water at temperatures 3. PARTICLE
between 0oC-4oC. At a temperature of 0oC-4oC, when water is heated, its
volume will decrease. This deviation from the general properties of water is 4. FORCE
called a water anomaly.
5. WORK

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 25
D. Effect of expansion on the density of the 2. THINGS
substance 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

In general, heating a substance will cause the volume of the substance to 5. WORK
increase, while the mass of the substance remains. Increasing the volume will
affect the density or density of the substance.
ρt = ρo/(1+ γ∆T)

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 26
Calorimetry
Calorie Concept Phase Diagram
Calorimeter As a
Measuring Tool
Specific Heat and for Heat Quantity
Heat in the Change
Heat Capacity of Substance

1. SCIENTIFIC
Form of Substance
2. THINGS
Temperature
3. PARTICLE and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

4. FORCE Calolimetry

5. WORK
 1. SCIENTIFIC 27
Calorie Concept 2. THINGS
Heat is a form of energy. This means that heat is a physical quantity that can be 3. PARTICLE
measured. The activity of measuring heat (calorimetry) in physics, is concerned with
determining the specific heat of a substance. The instrument used to measure heat is 4. FORCE
called a calorimeter. The term heat was first introduced by a chemist from France
named A.L. Lavoisier (1743-1794). Calor comes from the word caloric. Chemists and 5. WORK
physicists initially thought that heat was a type of fluid that was invisible to humans.
Based on this assumption, the unit of heat is determined by the name calorie,
abbreviated as cal.
c = Q / (m.∆T)
Q = m. c. ∆T Form of Substance

C=m c Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 28

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity 2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
If 1 kg of water and 1 kg of kerosene are each given the same heat
(eg Q joules). Kerosene turns out to experience a temperature change 4. FORCE
of approximately twice the change in water temperature. This 5. WORK
illustrates that between one substance to another can undergo
different changes, even though given the same heat. The difference Form of Substance
in the increase in temperature occurs because one substance is
Temperature
different from another in its specific heat. The specific heat of a and the Role of Heat in Ch
anging the Form of Substa
substance is defined as the amount of heat required or released (Q) nce

to raise or lower the temperature of one unit mass of the substance Calolimetry
(m) by one temperature unit (∆T).
 1. SCIENTIFIC 29
Calorimeter As a Measuring Tool 2. THINGS

for Heat Quantity 3. PARTICLE

➜ Calorimeter is a tool used to measure the quantity of 4. FORCE

heat / heat, determine the heat capacity, and the specific
5. WORK
heat of a substance

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 30
Azas Black
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
a. If two objects with different temperatures are brought into contact
4. FORCE
so that thermal contact occurs, then the substance at the higher
temperature will release as much heat as the heat absorbed by the 5. WORK
substance at the lower temperature, so that the final temperature of
the two objects after thermal equilibrium is reached is the same.
b. The amount of heat received = the amount of heat given
Qterima = Qlepas

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 1. SCIENTIFIC 31

2. THINGS
Heat in the Change of 3. PARTICLE

Substance 4. FORCE

Matter can have several states of existence, namely solid, 5. WORK

liquid, and gas. In the change from one form to another
accompanied by the absorption of heat or the release of heat
and is usually followed by a change in volume. Changes in the
state of matter are often referred to as phase changes.

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 suhu 32

T2 Uap T
Phase Diagram T
Q Q 2
1. SCIENTIFIC
Padat Cair Gas

Q Q 4 5
TL 4
2
Cair
3 2. THINGS
T1 Q
The process of changing Padat 1 t 3. PARTICLE
matter from the solid 4. FORCE
phase to the gas phase.
5. WORK

Form of Substance

Temperature
and the Role of Heat in Chan
ging the Form of Substance

Calolimetry
 33
1. SCIENTIFIC

3. 2. THINGS

PARTICLE KINEMATICS 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK

Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics

Free Fall Motion

 34

Some Understanding in 1. SCIENTIFIC

Motion
2. THINGS
Terms of Reference
3. PARTICLE
Distance
4. FORCE
Displacement 5. WORK

Velocity

Speed Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
Acceleration
 35
Terms of Reference, Coordinate Systems, and
Understanding of Motion 1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS
Each motion is defined as a change in position relative to a 3. PARTICLE
certain reference point. But in everyday life we often use the
4. FORCE
earth (soil) as a general reference point.
Example: 5. WORK

Train
Two-dimensional (2D) Cartesian coordinate system
Some Understanding in Motion
Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
 1. SCIENTIFIC
36
Some Understanding in Motion 2. THINGS
Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
3. PARTICLE
Vector and Scalar
4. FORCE

5. WORK
A physical quantity that has both
magnitude and direction, such as a
Y
force, is called a vector. Meanwhile,
quantities that only have magnitude A
and no direction are called scalars, rA

X
for example mass. Position is a
vector while distance is a scalar rB

B
 37
Velocity, Speed, Distance & Displacement
In physics, there is a clear difference between speed and velocity. Velocity has two 1. SCIENTIFIC
things, namely magnitude and direction, whereas speed only has magnitude but no
2. THINGS
direction. A person cycles 5 km/hour. It represents speed. But when accompanied
by directions, for example: a person cycling 5 km/hour to the north, the 3. PARTICLE
information disclosed is speed. So, velocity can also be expressed as speed
4. FORCE
accompanied by direction.
5. WORK
When an object is moving, distance represents the length of the path traveled by
the object during its motion, while displacement represents the difference in the
final position of the object compared to its initial position

Average Velocity Average speed Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Instantaneous Velocity Free Fall Motion
 38
Average & Instantaneous Velocity & Average speed
The displacement experienced by something after moving for a certain time.
1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS
The speed measured at one particular moment. To express a certain moment,
the time interval limit (t) is close to zero. 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK
Average speed is the total distance traveled by something moving during the
required time interval.

Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
 39
1. SCIENTIFIC

Acceleration 2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
The velocity of an object that undergoes a greater change is
called accelerating. Average acceleration is defined as the change 4. FORCE
in velocity that occurs over a certain time interval. 5. WORK

Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
Some
Understanding in

Motion
Effect of acceleration on motion 1. SCIENTIFIC

Motion Graphics 2. THINGS

Free Fall Motion
3. PARTICLE
Motion with constant velocity:
4. FORCE
Acceleration: ( 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑥0 )
𝑎=
∆𝑡 5. WORK
vt - v0 = t
An object moving with constant acceleration:
constant velocity: xt - x0 = t
Motion Graphics
1. SCIENTIFIC
 Graph of position versus time for motion at
2. THINGS
constant speed The greater the change in
position (x) compared to the
3. PARTICLE
change in time (t ) will result in
a graph with a steeper slope.
4. FORCE

5. WORK

Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
 42
 Constantly changing motion Graphics
1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK

Some Understanding in Motion

GLBB has a constant acceleration, so its Motion Graphics
speed changes regularly Free Fall Motion
 43
Free Fall Motion
1. SCIENTIFIC
Free fall motion occurs when an object from rest (v0 = 0) at a certain height
is affected by the earth's gravitational force so that it falls with a constant 2. THINGS
acceleration. This acceleration is called the gravitational acceleration of the
earth , given the symbol g the magnitude is approximately 9.8 m/s2 in the 3. PARTICLE
direction towards the earth's surface.
If the vertical direction is expressed by the y-axis, then for free fall, 4. FORCE
equations (9b) and (9c) become 5. WORK
yt - y0 = gt2
vt2 = 2g(yt - y0)

Some Understanding in Motion

Motion Graphics
Free Fall Motion
 1. SCIENTIFIC 44

4.
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
FORCE AND PRESSURE 4. FORCE

5. WORK

Force

Pressure
FORCE 45

Force is anything that allows mechanical changes to an object, such as breaking,

1. SCIENTIFIC
changing shape, changing position.
Muscular force is the force produced by the contraction and relaxation of various 2. THINGS
muscles, for example, contraction of the biceps and relaxation of the triceps of the
arm creates a force (for lifting a barbell, for example). 3. PARTICLE
The spring force is produced by elastic objects, such as springs and rubber.
The engine force is generated by the engine or aircraft. 4. FORCE
An electric force is generated by an electric charge, for example, a plastic comb
5. WORK
after using it to comb dry hair can attract small pieces of paper.
A magnetic force is produced by a magnet against objects that can be attracted to a
magnet (eg iron and nickel).
The gravitational force is in the form of attraction between objects, this force is Force
relatively very small, so the gravitational force we feel is the gravitational force
from the earth towards objects (although actually there is attraction between objects, Pressure
but the force is very small).
 46
Force of touch & Effect of Force Newton's Laws of
Non-touch on Objects Motion 1. SCIENTIFIC

Called the force of touch Force can change the Newton's I Law 2. THINGS
because an object that exerts a speed of an object ∑F = 0
3. PARTICLE
force must touch another Newton's II Law
object that is subjected to the Force can cause objects to ∑F = m.a 4. FORCE
force. change shape
Newton's III Law 5. WORK
Gravity is a non-touch force,
because it doesn't have to go
through the touch of chalk and Notes :
- sign – (minus) indicates the opposite
Earth. Electric and magnetic direction
forces are other examples of - The pair of action forces and reaction
non-touch forces. Force
forces always occurs in two different
objects
Pressure - Action and reaction style pairs cannot
be generated
 1. SCIENTIFIC 47
Pressure On Liquid
Pressure properties of liquids 2. THINGS
a. Liquid presses in all directions
Pressure is force per 3. PARTICLE
b. The deeper you go, the greater the pressure of the
unit area 
substance
c. The pressure of a liquid depends on the density (ρ) of 4. FORCE
the liquid
d. The pressure of a liquid does not depend on the shape 5. WORK
On Solids of its container
P = ρgh
On Air Force
At sea level, the average atmospheric pressure
is . Pressure
This value is used to define another frequently
One pascal (1 Pa) is used unit of pressure, the atmosphere
the pressure exerted by a (abbreviated atm).
force of one newton on a
surface area of 1   Another unit of pressure is "bar", defined as 1
bar =
Ex: 1) sucking drink with a straw 2) syringe 3)
rubber sucker
The direction of the pressure of the liquid against the container 48

1. SCIENTIFIC
Pascal's law: The pressure Archimedes' law:
exerted on a liquid in a closed An object that is partially or 2. THINGS
space (container) is transmitted completely immersed in a liquid 3. PARTICLE
in all directions with the same will experience, buoyant force =
magnitude (equal strength). Ex: weight of the liquid displaced 4. FORCE
hydraulic jack, car lift hydraulic by the object. Its application to
5. WORK
machine the concept:
1) floating
2) hover
3) Drown
Force
Ex: ship, submarine
Pressure
 1. SCIENTIFIC 49

5.
2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 4. FORCE

5. WORK

Work

Power

Energy

Simple Plane
WORK 50

1. SCIENTIFIC
The Work done on an object by a constant force, F, (both
2. THINGS
magnitude and direction) is defined as the product of the
magnitude of the displacement, s, by the component of the force 3. PARTICLE
parallel to the displacement.
4. FORCE

5. WORK

 is the angle between the direction of the force and the

displacement. Work
Work is a scalar quantity. In SI, work is measured in N.m
If  = 9, then cos  = cos 9= 0, so that W = 0 Power

Energy

Simple Plane
 51

Power 1. SCIENTIFIC

The rate at which work is done is called power. 2. THINGS

3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK
In SI, power is measured in joules/s called watts
(W).
Work

Power

Energy

Simple Plane
 52

ENERGY 1. SCIENTIFIC

1. Objects that move have the ability to do work, so it can be said 2. THINGS
to have energy. This energy of motion is called Kinetic Energy
(from the Greek kinos, meaning "movement"). 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK
2. Potential Energy is energy associated with a force that depends
on the position of the object or the arrangement of objects.
EP gravitation : Work

EP Spring : Power
note:
(-) opposite direction Energy
Big same Force
Simple
Plane
 53
Conservative and Non-conservative Force
Conservative force is the work done by the force does not depend on 1. SCIENTIFIC
the path, but only on the initial and final positions.
2. THINGS
Spring Force = Conservative force
Friction force = Non-conservative Force (because it depends on the 3. PARTICLE
path chosen.)
4. FORCE
Equation of work by conservative force: 5. WORK

Equation of work by Non-conservative force:

 54
Mechanical Energy and its Eternity 1. SCIENTIFIC

2. THINGS
Mechanical Energy is the quantity E as the sum of the EK and EP of the system at a
given moment. The mechanical energy is constant. 3. PARTICLE

4. FORCE

5. WORK
mechanical energy at point 1 = mechanical energy at point 2
 55
Simple Plane 1. SCIENTIFIC

Simple Plane is a simple tool to facilitate work by changing the 2. THINGS

magnitude or direction of the force, but does not change the work done. 3. PARTICLE
Energy Conservation and Mechanical Advantage (KM)
4. FORCE
The work you do on the plane is called the input work, Wi
The work done by the plane is called the output work, Wo 5. WORK
The force you exert on the plane is called the force force, Fk
The force that the aircraft exerts on the load is called the load force, Fb
(Comparison of load
force to power force) Efficient plane, has almost the same KM as
KMI
(for the ideal plane)
Simple Plane and Combined Plane 1. SCIENTIFIC
56

Simple Plane: Levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, inclined planes, wedges
and screws. 2. THINGS

The combined plane contains two or more simple planes that are 3. PARTICLE
connected, so that the load force on the first plane becomes the force on
the second plane. Ex: Bicycle (pedal and axle). 4. FORCE

The force force is the force of our foot on the pedal, F(Pedal). Work 5. WORK
The load force is the forward gear force acting on the chain, F(to chain).
The chain exerts a force on the rear gear, F(by chain). Power
The rear gear and rear wheels act as wheels and axles.
Energy

Simple Plane
THANK YOU 57