Enculturation and

Socialization
 Enculturation and
Socialization
Proponents of the social learning theory argue that the set of
behaviors of an individual is acquired through enculturation
and socialization processes. More specifically, beneficial
biological traits are naturally selected and passed on to the
next generation. Today, the social learning perspective is
more accepted by sociologists and anthropologists in
explaining the development of behavior and attitude among
humans. Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to
the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by
his or her society’s norms.
LET’S BREAK
THE ICE!
Guess the
Baby Picture!

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Guess the
Baby Picture

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Guess the
Baby Picture

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 Identity
Formation
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Identity Formation

Personal Identity
- The compilation of the values,
attitudes, and beliefs that individuals
receive from their family, peers, and
community enables them to create a
personal identity that simultaneously
separates them from the other
members of the group and
incorporates them in its system.
- Individuation.
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Identity Formation

Social Identity
- is a person's notion of who he or
she is in society
- This includes the roles and statuses
that he or she performs in accord to
what the society expects of him or
her.

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Two Primary Types
of Identity
Primary Identity
- The roles and statutes that an
individual learns as a child
- sex, age, and ethnicity
Secondary Identity
- This includes roles and statuses that
are achieved such as occupation,
educational background, economic
status, and gender.
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 This model presents a fourfold
understanding of human identity,
which are categorized as follows:
the existential “I,” the doing “me,”
the cultural “I,” and the
performing “me.”

These categories promote a holonic concept of the self—the self is both a whole and a
part. The self in the context of the personal pertains to the wholeness of an
individual's identity. This leads back to the uniqueness of every individual. The self in
the context of it being a part of a whole reflects on the ascribed roles that it plays
within the context of society.
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Theories on
Identity
Formation
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Theories on Identity Formation
There are two primary theories related to the understanding
of identity formation and practice:

The Role Learning Theory

- Promotes the argument that individuals learn a repertoire
of social roles from their society.
- They then reproduce this repertoire in their behavior. Roles
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constitute the social facts (e.g., gender role, occupational
role, family role) that inhibit, empower, and influence an
individual's actions.
- The primary argument against this theory is that it is too
socialization-deterministic.
Theories on Identity Formation
Symbolic Interactionism

- Promotes the idea that individuals construct

their notion of the self through social
interactions performed within a society
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- This presents humans as social actors
performing within a cultural or social field.
Norms and
Values
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Culture Values
- Refers to all those ideas held in
society that are considered good,
acceptable, and right.
- Inform the types of aspirations that
members of society aspire for, and
these are labeled as social goals.
Social
Goals
- Goals are achieved through socially
approved norms that constitute
beliefs, behaviors, and material
possessions.

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 Conflict Functionalism
Theory Theory
- values and goals are - values exist to create unity
sometimes the source of and harmony within the
conflict within a society structure and fulfill the
needs of the individuals.a

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Using - It can be said that these values and goals are sometimes the
Conflict source of conflict within a society, as individuals have
Story… varying access and experiences relating to it.

- Argues that values exist to create unity and harmony within

the structure and fulfill the needs of the individuals. This uses
the organismic view of society wherein its parts (organs) are
From the interrelated and critical for its existence (organism). Values are
Functionialis created and upheld because they maintain the structure that
m Theory… promotes social order.

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“ Because a society has a plethora of values and
goals, conflicts in the practice of these are
possible. The value that Filipinos put on family
sometimes poses a great threat in the practice of
democratic governance in the country due to
the kumpadrino system that leads to nepotism
and political dynasties. (McCoy, 2009).

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“ Norms
- These consist of the rules and regulations on behavior
FOUR CATEGORIES OF NORMS
1. Folkways - are socially approved behaviors that have no
moral underpinning.
2. Mores - are the norms related to moral conventions
3. Taboos - are behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in a
specific culture
4. Laws - consist of the rules and regulations that are
implemented by the state, making them the prime source of
social control.
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Status and
Roles
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Status and
Role
Status
- is an individual's position in his
or hersociety, which carries with
it a set of defined rights and
obligations.
- - has multiple roles attached to
it. This multiplicity of roles
within a given status is called a
role set.
Roles
- - are the sets of
expectation from people
who occupy a particular
status
- - use to their performance
of their statuses, these are
all within the framework
of roles.
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 Conformity
and Deviance
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Conformity
and Deviance - Deviance
Conformity

- - is the act of following - - is the act of violating the prescribed

the roles and goals of social norms.
one's society. - - acts of deviance are often associated
- - this behavior is often with a stigma.
met with rewards and - - a stigma is a strong sense of
acceptance from other disapproval on nonconforming
members of the behavior from members of a society.
society. - - When deviance is within the context of
legal structures, it may even be
considered a crime or a violation of a
law.
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Theories in
Existence of
Deviance
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Theories in Existence of
Deviance

▫ Social Control Theory

▫ Rational Choice Theory
▫ Differential Theory
▫ Labelling Theory
▫ Conflict Theory
▫ Structural – Functional Theory
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Theories in
Existence of Differential Theory
- Confomity and deviance is
Deviance Social Control Theory
- Laws consist of the
learned by an individual
from those he or she
rules and regulations associates with.
that are inplemented by
the state; making them Labelling Theory
the prime source of - Actions are initially not considered
social control. deviant until they are labeled as such
Six (6) by memebrs of the community.
Theories in - Two primary stages of deviance:
primary and secondary.
Existence of
Deviance Rational Choice Conflict Theory
- Societyy consists of opposing
Theory
- The individuals groups of people whose access to
decision to follow or to power is unusual.
go against social norms Structural – Functionalist
is dependent on the Theory
perceived cost and - Proposes two perspectives in
benefit of such action. the deviant behavior.
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Social Control
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 Internalization
is an integral part of communicating and incorporating social norms to an
individual's personality. It is in this process that an individual is made to
automatically conform to the dictates of his or her society through a cost-
benefit orientation.

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 Sanctions
are powerful in leading an individual to conform to social norms. Despite an
individual's disinclination to conform, when the sanction is strong, there is a
high possibility that he or she will decide to follow the norm.

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Types of
Sanctions
Informal
Formal Sanctions Positive Sanctions
Sanctions

Rewards or forms of Rewards and forms of Actions or statements

punishment that are punishment that are that reward a particular
formally rewarded by spontaneously given behaviour, which
an institution such as a by an individual or a reinforce in repetition.
government, a council, group of people as a
or an establishment. response to a
behaviour that was
either accepted or
disapproved.

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What are your
takeaways?

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 Reference:
Thank you for
Gonzales, M. C. (2019).
lisatening and Understanding Culture Society and
Politics (2nd ed., Vol. 1). DIWA
participating! Learning Systems INC.

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