INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES OF ATTRACTION
Intermolecular forces: 

This force holds the molecules

together which can be attractive
or repulsive.
Inter-Ionic Forces

inter-ionic forces are

forces that hold ions
together.
These intermolecular forces
are accountable for the
properties of substances.
Moreover, intermolecular
forces also explain why
substances exist as solids,
liquids, or gases at room
temperature.
Intermolecular and Inter-Ionic Forces  
4 Types of Intermolecular Forces
(involving covalent molecules) 

1.Dipole-dipole
2.Ion-dipole
3.Dispersion forces
4.Hydrogen bond
The first three types are known as “Van der Waals forces”.
On the other hand, hydrogen bond is a special type of
dipole-dipole interaction.
Johannes Diderik van Der Waals

 was born on November 23,

1837 in Leyden, The
Netherlands.
 In his 1873 thesis, van der
Waals noted the non-ideality of
real gases and attributed it to
the existence of intermolecular
interactions.
Dipole-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces are

attractive forces existing
between polar molecules
(molecules that exhibit
dipole moment), such as
HCl.
Because there is unequal
sharing of electron between
H and Cl atoms, partial
positive and partial negative
poles exist and are referred
to as a dipole.
 The more electronegative atom becomes partially negative and has
most electron density, whereas the least electronegative becomes
partially positive and has a lesser electron density.
 Because poles of opposite charges
attract, the partial negative end
(i.e.,Cl atom) will be attracted to the
partial positive end (i.e., H atom) of
another HCl molecule. This force is
weaker than ionic and hydrogen
bonds.
Ion-Dipole Forces
 Exist in the attraction between a charged particle
called ion (which can be a positively charged cation or
a negatively charged anion) and a polar.

 This exhibited in hydration, or the interaction of water

molecules with the cations and anions of ionic
compounds dissolved in water.
 When NaCl is dissolved in water (H2O), NaCl will
dissociate into sodium cations (Na+) and chlorine
anions (Cl-).
 Because water is a polar molecule and has a partial
negative and partial positive poles, the Na+ will
form an ion-dipole interaction with the partial
negative part of water molecule (O), while Cl- will
form an ion-dipole interaction with the partial
positive part of the water molecule (H+).
ion dipole interaction of chlorine ion and sodium ion with water
Dispersion Forces or London Forces

 Are the weakest attractive force that are formed due

to the temporary dipoles induced in non-polar
molecules.
 This force is also called induced-dipole - induced-
dipole attraction.
 Take for example, if there is an ion or a polar molecule
near an atom or non polar molecule, there will be a
distortion of the nonpolar molecule due to the force
exerted by the ion or the polar molecule.
 This distortion will result in temporary dipoles in the
nonpolar molecule which is called induced dipole.
 Induced dipole is the separation of the positive and
negative charges in a nonpolar molecule due to its
nearness of an ion or polar molecule.
 On the other hand, when the induced dipole is due to
the interaction between an ion and non-polar molecule,
the interaction is called ion-induced dipole interaction.

 When the induced dipole is due to the interaction

between a polar and nonpolar molecule, the interaction
is called dipole- induced dipole interaction.
Formation of (a) an ion-induced dipole interaction and
(b) a dipole-induced dipole interaction
Hydrogen Bond

A special type of dipole-dipole interaction between

the hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and the
highly electronegative atoms, N, O, and F in another
molecule.
The water molecule is
a very good example of
a substance that
exhibits hydrogen
bonding.

Hydrogen Bonding in H2O

SUMMARIZATION
 The electronegative atoms, like OXYGEN, cause
the bond to be polar.
 These atoms become slightly negatively charged
and the hydrogen atom becomes slightly positively
charged. Thus, a dipole exists.
 All polar molecules have a partial negative end and partial
positive end which are attracted to each other.
 The resulting forces are called dipole-dipole forces. Dipole-
dipole forces are much weaker than ionic or covalent bond.
 The ion force exists in the attraction between an ion and a
dipole molecule
 An ion is a charged atom because it has gained or lost one or
more electrons. It can be either positively charged cation or
negatively charged anion.
 The partial charges at the ends of the dipole molecules make
an ion-dipole interaction.
 The London dispersion force is the weakest
intermolecular force because it has only a temporary
attractive force.
 Dispersion force exist when the electrons in two adjacent
atoms attract and induce temporary dipoles.

 This forces is sometimes called induced-dipole- induced-

dipole attraction.
 The hydrogen bond is an attraction between a
partial positive hydrogen in a polar molecule
and a slightly negative atom in another
molecule.