Blood

Anna L. Kiss
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Semmelweis University
Budapest
2021
 Blood
 Cells + „exracellular matrix” : plasma

 Cells: red blood cells

white blood cells

granulocytes agranulocytes

Mesoderm
 Blood

The „extracellular matrix”: blood plasma: water solute

Contains:

proteins: immunonoglobulins (IgG-s, IgM etc)

albumin (carrier)
lipoproteins (LDL. HDL): to transport lipids (cholesterol)
protrombin (synthesised in liver): for blood clothing
fibrinogen (synthesised in liver): for blodd clothing
nutrients
waste materials
ions etc.
Erythrocytes

d:7µm

biconcave,
no nucleus,
limited life time (about
120days)

4.5-5 million/ml blood

 Haemoglobin: haem+globin protein

• transport of molecular oxygen

• reverseble binding

• hem: iron 2+ containing

molecule+4 pirrol ring

Because of this ring Fe2+ is not

oxidised into Fe3+
Erythrocytes

sickle-cell disease: 1 amino acid is changed

in the globin molecule: genetic mutation
 Leukocytes

Granulocytes: segmented nucleus

granules inside of the cytoplasm

neutrophyl basophyl eosinophyl

(depending on what kind of dye the granules can be stained with)

Agranulocytes: no granules in their cytoplasm

monocytes
lymphocytes
 Granulocytes: neutrophyls

segmented nucleus, granules in the cytoplasm:

they are ~75% of leukocytes
„microphages”: small particles, antibactarial effect
Granules in neutophyl granulocytes
Function of neutrohyl granulocytes
Extravasation: white blood cells migrate out from the blood
vessels: amoeboid movements
 Granulocytes: basophils

Bilobed nucleus
Granules: stained with basic dye: heparane-sulphate, histamine
 Granulocytes: eosinophils

• nucleus:bilobed
allergy, parasitism • granules: stained by acidic
dye,
• cytotoxic materials:
peroxidase, RNase,
phospholipase etc
Agranulocytes: monocytes

professional phagocytes; huge cells, with

large kidney/or bean-shaped nucleus
NO granules in the cytoplasm

 monocytes: inside of the blood vessels

 macrophages: monocyte/derived cells in
the connective tissue and in different
organs
Agranulocytes: lymphocytes

small cells (d:7μm, with large

nucleus
T cells: (thymus derived: killer,
helper, supressor etc.)
B cells:
• plasma cells: antibody production;
• memory cells
Haemopoesis
 Platelets (trombocytes)

cell debris, cytoplasmic pieces:

containing secretory granules

3 types of granules
Platelet
 Blood clothing
Blood clothing: chain reaction
The beginning: injury of the blood vessels: chain reaction starts, Ca ion in
necessary to be present

Factors: many factors are involved, most of them come from platelets

• protrombin (water soluble,produced in the liver), circulating in the blood

plasma

• fibrinogen (globular, water soluble protein, produced in the liver), circulating

in the blood plasma

• fibrin: fibrillar proteins, water insoluble, filamentuos network

 Blood clothing

protrombin trombin

Ca2+
fibrinogen fibrin
 Immunresponse
Cells:

• lymphocytes (T and B)
• T lymphocytes: killer, helper, supressor

• B lymphocytes:
plasma cells (antibody production)
memory cells

• antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells,

macrophages
Antigen presentation
Dendritic cells
 • T lymphocytes:
• killer cells
express antibody on
their plasma
membrane

cellular
immunresponse

humoral immunresponse: • helper cells: secret

helper cells (T lymphocytes) interleukins
plasma cells (B lymphocytes)
Humoral immune response

T helper cells activate B lymphocytes

plasma cells
memory cells

antibody
Röhlich Pál: Szövettan. Budapest, 1999
A szövettani képek a Humánmorfológiai és Fejlődésbiológiai Intézet
gyűjteményéből származnak.
Carola R, Harley JP, Noback CR: Human Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw-Hill Inc.,
USA, 1990
Wikipedia