Sumber: Duval, 1957

To every thing there is a season,

and a time to every purpose under the heaven
A time to be born, and a time to die,
A time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is
planted......
A time to weep, and a time to laugh.........
A time to mourin, and a time to dance........
A time to get, and a time to lose........
A time to keep, and a time to cast away.............
(ECCLESIASTES 3: 1-6)
Pendekatan dalam mempelajari
perkembangan keluarga dilakukan
dengan cara melacak kembali
perkembangan sejarah pembentukan
sebuah keluarga melalui tahapan-
tahapan sepanjang masa (meminjam
prinsip prototipe penuaan individu
melalui berbagai tahapan usia dari
mulai masa infant ke usia tua)
CHART GENERATIONAL OVERLAP OF YOUR FAMILY LIFE

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

FAMILY OF ORIENTATION (PARENTS' FAMILY) X IS

BORN

FAMILY OF RECREATION (OWN FAMILY) X MARRIES

Y

FAMILY OF ORIENTATION I (CHILDREN'S

FAMILIES) XY'S FIRST CHILD MARRIES

FAMILY OF GERONTATION II
(GRANDCHILDREN'S FAMILIES)
XY”S FIRST GRANDCHILD
MARRIES
 TREND OVER THREE GENERATIONS

1. Marriage occurs at earlier ages now than in former generation

2. Fewer children are now born into families than in earlier
generations
3. Voluntary child-spacing is more probable now than in earlier
generation
4. Children are spaced more closely than in parents' generation
5. Grown children are launched earlier now than in previous
generations
6. Launching stage is shorter than in earlier generation
7. Periods of childbearing, child-rearing, and releasing grown
children are shorter now
TREND OVER THREE GENERATIONS (cont.)

8. There is an earlier empty nest for middle aged couples now

than formerly
9. Middle aged couples have a longer time together after their
children are grown and gone
10. There is possibility of more years together after retirement
now than formerly
11. There is a likehood of longer life for individuals now than in
earlier generations
FAMILY DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Physical maintenance
Providing shelter, food, clothing, health care, etc

Allocation of resources
Meeting family needs and costs, apportioning material goods,
facilities, space, authority,respect, affection, etc

Division of labor
Who does what, assigning responsibility for procuring income, managing
the household, caring for the family members, and other specific tasks

Socialization of family member

Guiding the internalization of increasingly mature and acceptable
patterns of controlling elimination, food intake, sexal drives, sleep,
agression, etc.
FAMILY DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS (cont.)
Reproduction, recrutment, and release of family members
Bearing or adopting children and rearing them for release at maturity,
incorporating new members by marriage, and establishing policies for inclusion
of others: in laws, relatives, step parents, guests, family friend, etc

Maintenance of order
Providing means of communication, establishing types, and intensity of
interaction, pattern of affection, and sexual expression-by administering
sanctions insuring conformity to group norms

Placement of member in large society

Fitting into community, relating to shurch, school, organization life, political and
economic systems, and protecting family members from undersirableoutside
influences

Maintenance of motivation and morrale

Rewarding members of achievements, satisfyingindividual needs for acceptance,
encouragement and affection, meeting personal and family crises, refining a
philosophy of life and sense of family loyalty
KLASIFIKASI TAHAP KELUARGA

Evelyn Duvall (1857): 8 Roy Rodgers (1962); 24

tahapan keluarga tahapan keluarga
Para ahli teori
Perkembangan
memperlihatkan
Rowntree (1906): 3 ketidakonsistenan
Hill and Rodgers (1964): dalam menentukan
tahapan proses keluarga
5 tahapan perubahan jumlah tahapan yang
(sudut pandang study
'family size' digunakan untuk
“poverty”)
mencetuskan suatu
“Family Life Cycle”
 The Life Cycle menurut
Duvall (1957) ada 8
Tahapan:
• Dalam teori
perkembangan ini, 1. Perkawinan (married couple)
kedua subsistem saling 2. Mempunyai anak
menunjang dan exist: (childbearing)
subsistem orangtua dan 3. Kelg dg Anak berumur
subsistem pasangan Preschool
4. Kelg dg Anak berumur Sekolah
• Teori perkembangan dari Dasar
Duvall ini dikritik karena 5. Kelg dg Anak berumur remaja
tidak berlaku untuk (teenage)
pasangan yang tidak 6. Anak lepas dari orangtua
mempunyai anak (launching center)
7. Orangtua umur menengah
(middle-aged parents)
8. Orangtua umur manula (aging
parents)
• Reproduction
• Physical
Maintenance
• Protection
• Education and Duvall (1957): 7 FAMILY
DEVELOPMENT TASK
Socialization
• Recreation
• Status - Conferring
• Affection - Craving
Roy Rodgers categories:
Rowntree (1906): 3 tahapan proses keluarga dalam
sudut pandang study “Poverty”

• Keluarga dalam keadaan miskin, pada saat anak-anaknya masa kecil.

Hutang (Liabilities) > Income (or Asset)
• Keluarga dalam keadaan relatif sejahtera, pada saat anak-anak tumbuh
besar dan kemudahan dapat pekerjaan maka akan berkontribusi pada
sumberdaya keuangan keluarga
• Keluarga kembali jadi miskin, pada saat anak-anak meninggalkan rumah
untuk membentuk keluarganya sendiri. Keluarga akan kehilangan
income lagi.

Relative
Poverty Poverty
Prosperity
Hill & Rodgers (1964):
5 tahapan model perkembangan
keluarga berdasarkan perubahan
family size' sepanjang life span
1. Memperlihatkan stability untuk
Childless Married Couple
2. Memperllihatkan expansi yang
ditandai dengan lahirnya anak
pertama sampai dengan anak
terkahir
3. Tahapan stabilitas dari periode
membersarkan anak yang diakhiri
sampai dengan anak pertama
meninggalkan rumah
4. Tahapan Contracting dimulai
pasa saat periode “launching”
anak-anak ke luar rumah
menuju dunianya sendiri,
diakhiri dengan anak terakhir
keluar rumah
5. Tahapan Stabilitas lagi, pada
saat pasca menjadi orang tua
dan anak-anak tidak di rumah
lagi
Table Stage critical Family Developmental Task through
the Family Life Cycle

Stage of the family life cycle Stage critical family developmentnal

(Positions in the family) tasks
1. Married couple: • Establishig a mutually satisfying
- Wife marriage
- Husband • Adjusting to pregnancy and the
promise of parenthood
• Fitting into the kin network

2. Childbearing • Having adjusting to and encouraging

- Wife-mother the development of infants
- Husband-Father • Establishing a satisfying home for both
-Infant dauughter or son or parents and infants
both
 Stage of the family life Stage critical family developmentnal
cycle (Positions in the tasks
family)

3. Preshool-age • Adapting to the critical needs and

-Wife-mother interest of preschool. Children in
-Husband-father stimulating, growth-promoting
-Daughter-sister ways
-Son-brother • Coping with energy depletion and
lack of privacy as parents

4. School-age • Fitting into the community of

-Wife-mother school age families in constructive
-Husband-father ways
-Daughter-sister • Encouraging children's educational
-Son-brother achievement
 Stage of the family life Stage critical family developmentnal
cycle (Positions in the tasks
family)

5. Teenage • Balancing freedom with responsibility

-Wife-mother as teenagers mature and emancipate
-Husband-father themselves
-Daughter-sister • Establishin post-parental interests and
-Son-brother careers as growing parents

6. Launching center • Releasing young adult into work,

-Wife-mother-grandmother military service, college
-Husband-father- • Marriage, etc., with appropriate rituals
grandfather and assistance
-Daughter-sister-aunt • Maintaining a supportive home base
-Son-brother-uncle
 Stage of the family life Stage critical family developmentnal
cycle (Positions in the tasks
family)

7. Middle-aged-parents-Wife- • Rebuilring the marriage relationship

mother-Grandmother
• Maintaining kin ties with older and
Husband-Father- younger generations
Grandfather

8. Aging family members • Coping with bereavement and licing

-Widow/widower alone
-Wife-mother- • Closing the family hor or adapting it
grandmother to aging
Husband-Father- • Adjusting to retirement
Grandfather