Musculoskeletal System

Sugito Wonodirekso, MS, Dr

Department of Histology
FMUI
Materials
 Skeletal muscle
 Joint
• Joint types
• Bone
• Cartilages
• Supporting tissues

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Objectives of the muscle tissue
 Identify skillfully the skeletal muscle structure
 Identify the structural and functional different between
3 major types of muscle tissue
 Comprehend the relationships between muscle fascicles,
muscle fibers, myofibrils, and myofilaments
 Explain the structure and function of T-tubule in skeletal
muscle
 Analyze the relationships between normal structure and
function of skeletal muscle
 Explain the regeneration process of skeletal muscle
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General features of muscle tissues
 Terminology
• Prefixes: Sarco- and or myo-
 Specialized for contraction
• Myofilaments: actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
 Mesodermal origin
• Exception: iris smooth muscle arise from ectoderm
 Cell shape
• May reach 4 cm long  called fibers (myofibers)
 Organization
• Works in groups or separately
 Two major types
• Smooth and striated

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 Muscle types and characteristics
Features Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
(Striated voluntary) (Striated, involuntary) (Non-striated)
Cells Thick, long, cylindric Branched, cylindric Small, spindle-shape
unbranched
Nuclei per Many, peripheral One or two, central One, central
cell
Filament ratio 6 thin/1 thick 6 thin/1 thick 12 thin/1 thick
Sarcoplasmic Highly organized Less organized Poorly organized
reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasmic reticulum;
myofibrils surrounds myofibrils no distinc myofibrils no distinc myofibrils

T-tubules At A-I junction; form At Z lines; form dyads None

triads
Motor end- Present Absent Absent
plates
Motor control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Other Prominent fascicles Intercalated disks at cell- Abundant caveolae
to-cell junctions
Thick perimysium and Cell overlap
epimysium
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Skeletal muscle (this is our concern now)
 Histogenesis
• Mesenchymal cells of mesodermal origin fuse to
each other to make
• Myoblasts which then fuse to make
• Myotubes which later
• Elongate by incorporating additional myoblasts
• Eventually accumulated myofilaments which are
organized into myofibrils and displaced nuclei and
other cytoplasmic components peripherally

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Skeletal muscle cells
 Mature skeletal muscle fibers:
• Elongated
• Unbranched
• Cylindrical
• Multinucleated
• Flattened peripherally displaced nuclei, lie just under sarcolemma
(muscle cell plasma membrane)
• Most organelles and sarcoplasm (muscle cells cytoplasm) are displaced
near the nuclei’s poles
• Sarcoplasm contains mitochondria, glycogen granules, and myoglobin
(oxygen-binding protein). It accumulates lipofuscin pigment with age
• Mature skeletal cell are end cells and cannot divide

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Skeletal muscle tissue
 Cross-cut of skeletal muscle to show
connective tissue partitioning of
muscle into groups or bundles of fibers.
Endomysium is very delicate and lies
between individual fibers, while
perimysium is more visible and lies
around a group of fibers. Epimysium is
not seen here but ensheaths a whole
muscle. In this picture notice the
presence of small blood vessels in both
perimysium and endomysium. Notice
also the cross-cuts of myofibrils within
the muscle cells, making them look
grainy.

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 Higher power of skeletal muscle for details of cross-striations.
Notice thin Z discs and heavy A bands. From one Z disc to the
next is a sarcomere, the unit of muscle contraction. In the upper
muscle cell notice shadowy myofibrils running longitudinally.

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 Skeletal muscle cells (fibers), with cross-
striations and peripheral nuclei.

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Muscle fibers organization

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Sarcomeres (contraction units)

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Sarcomere and the cross sections

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Myofilament
 Thin filaments (actin)
• Filamentous actin (F-actin) is polymeric chain of globular actin
(G-actin) monomer. Each thin filament consist of 2 double helix
wound F-actin strands
• Tropomyosin is long, thin, double-helical polipeptides that
wrap around the actin double helix, lies in grooves on its
surface, and spans 7 G-actin monomers
• Troponin is a complex of 3 globular proteins.
o TnT (Troponin T) attaches each complex to specific site on each
tropomyosin molecule,
o TnC binds calcium ions, and
o TnI inhibits the interaction between the thin and thick filaments

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Actin filaments

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Myofilament
 Thick filaments (myosin):
• Long golf-club-shaped polypeptide
• A bundles of myosin molecules with their shafts pointing toward and
overlapping in the bundle’s middle and their heads projecting from the
bundle’s ends
• This arrangement leaves a headless region in the center of each filament
corresponding to the H band
• Treating myosin molecule with papain (a proteolytic enzyme) cleaves them,
at a point near head, into 2 pieces
• The piece containing most of the thin shaft is termed light meromyosin; the
head and the associated portion of the shaft make up the heavy
meromyosin
• The head portion of heavy meromyosin has an ATP-binding site and an actin
binding site, which are necessary for contraction

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Actin and myosin filaments relationship

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Myofilament
 Organization
• The banding pattern of skeletal muscle reflects the
grouping of myofilaments into parallel bundles of
thin and thick filaments called myofibrils. Each
muscle fiber may contain several myofibrils; the
number depending on its size.
• Take special attention on the appearance of
myofibrils in cross- and longitudinal section,
especially in EM images and its schematic version

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 Sarcomere and muscle contraction
 Diagram of contraction of skeletal
muscle. On the left is the view
with light microscopy. On the
right are the thin actin filaments
and thick myosin filaments seen
in EM. Notice that the total width
of the A band stays the same
throughout and that the sliding in
or out of the actin filaments
determines the width of the H
band. Consider which filaments
you would see if you cut the
muscle cross-wise through the I
band, A band, or H band.

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T-tubules and the Triads
 Drawing of relationship (at EM level)
of myofibrils to sarcoplasmic
reticulum (smooth ER) and T-tubules
in skeletal muscle. In this drawing the
sarcoplasmic reticulum is labelled
"sarcotubules" and "terminal
cisternae". Notice that T-tubules are
extensions of the sarcolemma (cell
membrane, seen at right-hand edge),
so that depolarization can spread
along this part of the sarcolemma as
well. (See diagrams and further
explanation in your textbook.)
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The sarcomere and the diads
 Same diagram, for cardiac muscle.
 Note differences with skeletal muscle in:
• their amount and arrangement of sarcoplasmic reticulum
• the presence or near-absence of terminal cisterns (next
to the T-tubules)
• the position of T-tubules in relation to the A, I, and Z
bands seen at the left.
 A triad consists of two terminal cisterns with a T-
tubule in the middle. When the cisterns are not
well developed, a true triad does not exist. A diad
means two elements are together, as with one T-
tubule and a neighboring bit of sarcoplasmic
reticulum. NOTE: sarcoplasmic reticulum is just a
form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). In
muscle it is particularly associated with the release
of calcium ions needed for contraction.

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The sarcomere  EM of several myofibrils running
longitudinally through skeletal
muscle cell. Between individual
myofibrils lie the mitochondria
(M) and glycogen (G) of the
cytoplasm. Within each myofibril
are the typical striations:
• A= A band;
• I= I band;
• Z= Z line; and
• H= H band.
 The banding is formed by the
arrangement of myosin and actin
filaments.
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Sarcomere and the contraction

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Skeletal muscle regeneration

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Skeletal muscle regeneration

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Skeletal muscle regeneration

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Contraction process-1

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Contraction process-2

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Contraction process-3

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Muscle fibers organization

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Joints
Basic joint
components are:
1. Bone
2. Hyaline Cartilage
3. Dense collagen
tissues

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Bone
Endochondral bone formation

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Bone
Endochondral bone formation

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Bone growth and remodelling

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Compact bone with Haversian system

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Haversian Lamelae and the remnant

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Osteocytes’ lacunae and its canaliculi

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Osteocyte and the canaliculi

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Osteocyte
EM. Osteocyte in its
lacuna. Notice the
pericellular space,
organell some of
which are globules
containing Calcium,
and the cell processes

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Tight junction between osteocytes’ processes
in its canaliculus

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Muscle-bone attachment

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Younger compact bone tissue

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 Bone dynamics
Appositional growth Bone vascular system

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 Bone
Osteocytes Compact bone tissue

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 Hyaline cartilage

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 Cartilage
Chondrocyte Appositional growth

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 Cartilage
Hyalin cartilage Elastic cartilage

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 Cartilage
Elastic cartilage Fibrous cartilage

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 Cartilage
Hyalin cartilage Hyalin cartilage on the joint surface

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Joint

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Bone
 Highly vascularized
 Dynamic tissue
 Regenerate completely

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Cartilage

 Avascular
 Regenerate poorly

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Joint supporting tissues

 Mostly dens collagen connective tissues

 Regenerate fairly good but not as good as
bone

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How joints working
 Vertebrates move by application of the
principles of the lever. Levers amplify or
increase the force or velocity of motion. The
amount of amplification depends on the
length of the lever. There are three types of
skeletal system, all interact with muscles using
the lever.

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