EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 14
Power Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

1
 Announcements
 Homework 11 is 6.24, 6.26, 6.28, 6.30, 6.38,
6.42, 6.43, 6.46, 6.49, 6.50; due Tuesday
11/22. Note that HW is due on Tuesday
because Thanksgiving is on Thursday.

2
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MW
Line 3
345 kV
50 mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
400 MVA 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
Line 2

Line 1
345 kV
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi

2
280 MVAr 800 MW

Single-line diagram

3
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
|V| θ PG QG PL QL QGmax QGmin
Bus Type per degrees per per per per per per
unit unit unit unit unit unit unit
Table 1. 1 Slack 1.0 0   0 0  
Bus input
data 2 Load   0 0 8.0 2.8  
3 Constant 1.05  5.2  0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
voltage
4 Load   0 0 0 0  
5 Load   0 0 0 0  
Maximum
R X G B MVA
Table 2. Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Line input data Bus
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
4
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

Maximum
R X Gc Bm Maximum TAP
per per per per MVA Setting
Table 3. Bus-to- unit unit per unit per unit
unit unit
Transformer Bus
input data
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0 —
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0 —

Bus Input Data Unknowns

1 |V1 |= 1.0, θ1 = 0 P1, Q1

2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 |V2|, θ2
Table 4. Input data Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
and unknowns
3 |V3 |= 1.05 Q3, θ3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 |V4|, θ4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 |V5|, θ5 5
Let the Computer Do the Calculations! (Ybus
Shown)

6
 Selected Ybus Details
Entries of Ybus relating to elements connected to bus 2.
Note that resistances, inductive reactances, and admittances
come from Table 2; subscripts on them refer to line from-to.
Subscripts on Ybus correspond to entries of that matrix.

Y21  Y23  0
1 1
Y24    0.89276  j 9.91964 per unit
R24  jX 24 0.009  j 0.1

1 1
Y25    1.78552  j19.83932 per unit
R25  jX 25 0.0045  j 0.05

1 1 B B
Y22    j 24  j 25
R24  jX 24 R25  jX 25 2 2
1.72 0.88
 (0.89276  j 9.91964)  (1.78552  j19.83932)  j j
2 2
 2.67828  j 28.4590  28.5847  84.624 per unit 7
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches

8
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian

9
 Five Bus Power System Solved

One Five Four Three

A A

MVA MVA

395 MW A
520 MW
MVA

114 Mvar slack

337 Mvar

1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA
-2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg

0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg

800 MW
280 Mvar

10
 Good Power System Operation
• Good power system operation requires that there be no
“reliability” violations (needing to shed load, have
cascading outages, or other unacceptable conditions such
as overloads past capacity) for either the current condition
or in the event of statistically likely contingencies:
• Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no transmission
line/transformer capacity limit violations and that bus voltages
be within acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
• Example contingencies are the loss of any single device. This is
known as n-1 reliability.

11
 Good Power System Operation
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation
now has legal authority to enforce reliability
standards (and there are now lots of them).
• See http://www.nerc.com for details (click on
Standards)
• Consider impact of line contingency on 37 bus
design example case.

12
37 Bus Example Design Case
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SL A C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 2 0 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 2 M var

System Losses: 10.70 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu MVA MVA SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M v ar 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 37 MW
MVA
A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
58 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8 A
1 2 MW H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 60 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M v ar
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .2 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69
A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
16 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M v ar BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A
0 .9 9 pu A A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .4 M var
BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 15 MW
2 0 MW
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 5 M var A

1 .0 0 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M v ar A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF 6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
23 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M v ar 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
2 8 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF 1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 38 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

13
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA CK 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

22 7 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
4 3 M var

System Losses: 17.61 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu MVA MVA SL A C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A

1 .0 1 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 6 .0 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 37 MW
MVA
A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
F ERNA 6 9
7 M v ar A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISK Y 6 9 3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M v ar
M O RO 1 3 8 5 8 MW A MVA

Opening
3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8 A
1 2 MW H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 60 MW
MVA

one line
MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 20 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 0 pu 1 1 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu

(Tim69-
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69
A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M v ar LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var

Hannah69)
25 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M v ar
A 0 .9 0 pu A A

110% 25 MW SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

causes
MVA MVA
MVA A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M v ar 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .3 M v ar
BLT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
15 MW
135%
MVA
2 0 MW

overloads.
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA
A

3 2 M v ar A

0 .9 4 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW 1 0 M v ar 7 .2 M var

This would
MVA MVA A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9

not be
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 1 pu
23 MW
A 2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 80% 1 5 M var 5 M v ar
3 M var

acceptable
MVA MVA
4 0 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 6 9 38 MW
0 .9 9 pu
9 M var
1 .0 0 pu B UC KY 1 3 8 A

under NERC
A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
4 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW

standards. 4 M var
A

MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

14
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
contingencies in
a specified
“contingency set.”
In this example the
contingency set
is all the single
line/transformer
outages

15
 Power Flow And Design
• One common usage of the power flow is to determine
how the system should be modified to remove
contingencies problems or serve new load
• In an operational context this requires working with the existing
electric grid, typically involving re-dispatch of generation.
• In a planning context additions to the grid can be considered as
well as re-dispatch.
• In the next example we look at how to add a new line in
order to remove the existing contingency violations while
serving new load.

16
 An Unreliable Solution:
some line outages result in overloads Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

269 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
6 7 M var

System Losses: 14.49 MW A A A

Case now 1 .0 2 pu

A
T IM 3 4 5
A
MVA

1 .0 1 pu
MVA

RA Y 1 3 8
A
SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

1 .0 3 pu

has nine
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 33 MW A

0 .9 9 pu 1 .0 2 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M v ar 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
5 M var 37 MW

separate
A

MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

contingencies
A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
12 MW
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 3 M var
P ET E6 9

having
MVA MVA A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 96% 58 MW A MVA
MVA
39 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8 A
12 MW

reliability
H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M v ar DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M v ar 6 0 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var

violations
0 .9 7 pu 1 3 .6 M v ar UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M v ar 124 MW 56 MW
KYLE69
A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M var L Y NN1 3 8

(overloads in
MVA
16 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var

post-contingency
A
0 .9 7 pu A A

MVA 25 MW MVA
MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A
7 .4 M v ar
BLT 6 9

system).
MVA
A M A NDA 6 9 A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 15 MW
2 0 MW
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M v ar
3 M var MVA A

2 8 M var A

0 .9 9 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
36 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
23 MW
2 2 MW 10 MW
A A
6 M v ar 14 MW A

20 MW 1 5 M var 5 M v ar
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
4 0 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

17
 A Reliable Solution:
no line outages result in overloads
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLA CK 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

26 6 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 9 M var

System Losses: 11.66 MW A A A

1 .0 2 pu MVA MVA SL A C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .8 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
5 M var 37 MW

Previous
A

MVA
A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

case was
A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
F ERNA 6 9
7 M v ar A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISK Y 6 9 3 M var
P ET E6 9

augmented
MVA MVA A
A
A
4 .9 M v ar
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8 A
1 2 MW

with the
H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 60 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
Kyle138 20 MW
0 .9 9 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var

addition of a
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .1 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
M VA

KYLE69
A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M v ar LY NN1 3 8
1 6 MW

138 kV
MVA
A -1 4 M var
25 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M v ar
0 .9 9 pu

Transmission
A A A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M v ar 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .4 M v ar
A M A NDA 6 9 BLT 6 9 MVA

Line
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 15 MW
2 0 MW
H A LE6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 9 M v ar A

1 .0 0 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M v ar 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
23 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M v ar
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
3 8 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 38 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu B UC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

18
Generation Changes and The Slack
Bus
• The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool, so the
assumption is total load plus losses is always equal to
total generation
• Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
• When doing generation change power flow studies
one always needs to be cognizant of where the
generation is being made up
• Common options include “distributed slack,” where the
mismatch is distributed across multiple generators by
participation factors or by economics.
19
 Generation Change Example 1
A
SLA C K 3 4 5

Display shows
MVA
A

Slack bus
MVA

16 2 MW

“Difference
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 5 M v ar
A A A

0 .0 0 pu MVA MVA SLA C K 1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5

Flows” A

MVA
T IM 1 3 8
A

MVA
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
0 .0 0 pu

between
A MVA
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
0 M var MVA
A
A
-0 .1 M v ar 0 MW
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A

original
0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A

0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A MVA
0 M v ar

37 bus case,
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WO LEN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
H ISKY 6 9 0 M var
MVA A
A
-0 .1 M var

and case with

0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 M var 0 MW -0 .0 1 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B 1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

DEM A R6 9

a BLT138
MVA A A
0 .0 0 pu MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA MVA
0 MW 0 M v ar
0 MW A
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var

generation
-0 .2 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu A -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var LY NN1 3 8
0 MW

outage;
A
MVA
A 0 M v ar
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 2 pu BLT 1 3 8
0 M v ar -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var

note all the

MVA

0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
MVA SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW A
MVA
MVA
0 .0 M v ar
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu A

B LT 6 9

power change
MVA
A
-0 .0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A LE6 9 A 0 MW 0 M var
MVA A
0 .0 0 pu 5 1 M var

is picked
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M v ar 0 .0 M v ar MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9

up at the slack
MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

0 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
4 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 6 9 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
3 M var
0 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
2 M v ar
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
2 M v ar
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A

MVA

20
 Generation Change Example 2
A
SL A C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 7 M var
A A A

0 .0 0 pu MVA MVA SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8 A MVA
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
0 M var MVA
A
A
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A

0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
MVA
0 M var
A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WO L EN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
H ISKY 6 9 0 M var
MVA A
A
0 .0 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 M var 0 MW 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9 A A
0 .0 0 pu MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA MVA
0 MW 0 M var
0 MW A
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu A -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var L Y NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 3 pu BL T 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
MVA SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW A
MVA
MVA
-0 .1 M var
0 M var -0 .0 1 pu A

BL T 6 9 MVA
A
-0 .0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A L E6 9 A 1 9 MW 0 M var
MVA A
0 .0 0 pu 5 1 M var
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

99 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
-2 0 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 6 9 4 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu
-1 4 M var
0 .0 0 pu B UC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu

Display repeats previous case except now the change in

0 .0 0 pu A

MVA

generation is picked up by other generators using a

“participation factor” (change is shared amongst generators) approach.
21
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
Automatic voltage regulation system controls voltages.

A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

219 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
5 2 M v ar
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
sla ck

1 .0 2 pu MVA MVA SL A C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
A

MVA
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A

1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
A
A
1 5 .9 M v ar 18 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M v ar 37 MW
A
1 7 MW A

1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M v ar MVA
A

2 3 MW 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A MVA
7 M v ar MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A 2 1 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA

MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M v ar
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA

5 M v ar 20 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BOB1 38
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9
1 .0 0 pu A A
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 58 MW
MVA MVA
5 1 MW 4 0 M var
4 5 MW
1 5 M v ar A
1 .0 2 pu BOB69
1 2 M v ar
2 9 .0 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 15 7 MW 5 6 MW
1 2 .8 M var A

4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA A
A 0 M var
MVA A
MVA
MVA 58 MW A
14 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu B LT 1 3 8 MVA
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu 4 M v ar
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
3 3 MW MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9 MVA A
7 .4 M var
MVA
1 0 M var 0.0 Mvar 1 .0 1 pu
BL T 6 9 MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu
1 5 MW
3 M var
A

MVA
H A LE6 9
MVA

A 92 MW 1.010 pu 15 MW
5 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 0 M var
MVA
A

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M v ar
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

2 0 .8 M v ar A
MVA

4 5 MW 14 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M v ar
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
22 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M var 14 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
9 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 38 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 50 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

1 50 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Display shows voltage contour of the power system

22
 Real-sized Power Flow Cases
• Real power flow studies are usually done with cases
with many thousands of buses
• Outside of ERCOT, buses are usually grouped into various
balancing authority areas, with each area doing its own
interchange control.
• Cases also model a variety of different automatic
control devices, such as generator reactive power
limits, load tap changing transformers, phase shifting
transformers, switched capacitors, HVDC
transmission lines, and (potentially) FACTS devices.

23
Sparse Matrices and Large Systems
• Since for realistic power systems the model sizes
are quite large, this means the Ybus and Jacobian
matrices are also large.
• However, most elements in these matrices are
zero, therefore special techniques, sparse
matrix/vector methods, are used to store the
values and solve the power flow:
• Without these techniques large systems would be
essentially unsolvable.

24
 Eastern Interconnect Example
VIK 138
BIG BEN D

WH TWTR3
EEN 138 ST RITA

WH TWTR4 M UKWO N GO
SUN 138
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138

SGR CK4
UN IV N EU
LBT 138
SGR CK5

LAN 138 BRLGTN 2

SO M ERS

ALB 138

RO R 138

N LK GV T
BRLGTN 1

ALBERS- 2
Paddock
PO T 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
N O M 138 M RE 138
TICH IGN
H LM 138
WIB 138
D AR 138
N LG 138
N ED 138
Pl easant Pr ai r i e
N WT 138
N ED 161 Kenosha
LIBERTY5
BCH 138
TRK RIV5 WBT 138
ELK 138
CASVILL5
BLK 138 CO R 138 D IK 138 LAKEVIEW

LEN A ; B
LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on
Ant i och Zi on (138 kV)

Rockford
LO RE 5
ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5 M cHenr y
SO . GVW. 5 Wempl eton
PECAT; B G urnee
Round Lake
Waukegan
CN TRGRV5
LAN CA; R

JULIAN 5 SALEM N 5

H arl em
Bel vi der e Wi l son
M ar engo Woodstock
Sal em FREEP; Roscoe

Lakehur st
P Val
GALEN A 5 Cr yst al Lake

Sand Park
Pi er pont
Li ber t yvi l l e Li ber t yvi l l e
345 kV 138 kV Nort h Chi cago
Hunt l ey Si l ver Lake
B465
FO RD A; R
Al gonqui n
S PEC; R E. Rockf or d
U. S. N Trai ni ng
Al pi ne Abbot t Labs Park
Lest hon
Char l es

B427 ;1T
Sabr ooke
Apt aki si c
Cherr y Val l ey O l d El m
Lake Zuri ch

Buf f al o G r oove

Barr i ngt on

Bl aw khaw k Wheel i ng
Deerf i el d
Pal at i ne
SAVAN N A5 D undee Prospect Hei ght s

Arl i ngt on Pr ospect Nort hbr ook

STILL; RT Hof f m an Est at es Hei ght s
M Q O KETA5
WYO M IN G5
C434
M ount Pr ospect
Tol l w ay
Schaum berg
M T VERN 5 El m w ood
PCI 5
Byron
Hanover S. Schaum berg
G ol f M i l l
Busse
Landm
BERTRAM 5
Skoki e
Spaul di ng
Bar t l et t
El gi n Des Pl ai nes Evanst on
Tonne

YO RK 5 Ni l es

How ard Devon

M ARYL; B
W ayne
Sout h El gi n Des Pl ai nes Hi ggi ns
I t asca
Al t G E Rose Hi l l
Nordi
G l endal e Nort hri dge
M i chi gan Ci t y
W est Chi cago
W 407 ( Fer m i ) Addi son Nor t hw est
Nat om a
-0. 40 deg
W . De Kal b G l i dden Church -13. 4 deg
LEECO ;BP H 445 ;3B Fr ankl i n Park - 13. 3 deg
H 440 ; R Aur or a
El m hurst 2. 35 deg Dr i ver
Lom bard
Rockw el l
GR M N D 5 G al ew ood Cl ybour n
O ak Park

Rock Cr k. ALBAN Y 6
E CALM S5 G l en El l yn
Sugar Gr ove Berkel ey Congr ess Cr osby
M EN D O ; T O akbr ook
GARD E; D IXO N ;BT W at erm an N Aur ora
BVR CH 65 BVR CH 5 But t e O hi o Ki ngsbur y
D EWITT 5 ALBAN Y 5
Bel l w ood Cl i nt
H 71 ;BT Yor k Cent er
H 440 ; RT STEWA; B El ect ri c Junct i on
H 71 ; B Y450 Jeff erson
D ekov Tayl or
La G r ange
H 71 ; R STERL; B Ri dgel and Uni versi t y
Li sl e D unacr
H -471 (N W St eel )
M cCook Lasal l e
D799 Fi sk
Washi ngton Par k
Craw f or d -1. 1 deg
W ar r envi l l e H arbor
D775 Stat e Garf i el d
D ow ners Gr oove
Fr ontenac
Woodr i dge Saw yer Q uar r y
Ford Ci ty
Q uad Ci ti es Wol f Cr eek 0. 6 deg
W600 ( Napervi l l e) Cl ear ni ng
N el son Wi l l ow Chi ave
M ECCO RD 3 W604 Cal um et 1. 9 deg Babcock
H ayf or d
O sw ego Bedfor d Par k D am en
Bur r Ri dge St at e Li ne
Sandw i ch
Sayre
Wal l ace
Sub 91 W601 W603 Ri ver Shef i el d
Pl ano J307 Ever green
CO RD O ; N ELSO ; R Br i dgevi ew
Bol i ngbr ook Al si p
M ontgom er y Z- 494
W602
W i l l Co. Rober t s
Beverl y
R FAL; B R FAL; R Z-715 Lake George
N ELSO ; RT G3851 Z- 100
W507 Romeo G394 Tow er Rd
SB 79 5 O rl an
Pal os
SB 49 5 H egew i sch M unster
SBH YC5 G3852
Cr est w ood Wi l dw ood Z- 524
Ar cher
SB UIC 5 M endot a Pl ai nfi el d Bur nham
SB 74 5
D avenpor t SB 90 5 SB 17 5 Lockpor t
J- 332 Bl ue Isl and
Wal cott SUB 77 5 Bel l Road Goodi ngs Grove
SB 71 5
Sub 92
D AVN PRT5 Gr een Lake
N O RM A; R N O RM A; B
Kenda Gr een Acr es
SB 78 5 H i l l cr est Rockdal e Ti nl ey Park
J322
SB 76 5 South H ol l and
SB 89 5 Sand Ri dge

SB 88 5 Jo456
H ar vey

J323
Shor e Jol i et Lansi ng
IPSCO 3
SB 58 5 J370
SB JIC 5 Gl enw ood
IPSCO 5 SB 70 5 Chi cago H ei ghts
Br i gg F- 503
J- 371 M oken
SB A 5
J- 326
F- 575
East Frankf or t
J- 390 Fr ankfor t Count ry Cl ub H i l l s
SB 28 5
SB 52 5 J-375 El w ood
M at t eson Park Forest
N Len
PRIN C TP J-339 Bl oom
SB 48 5 SB 47 5 SB 31T 5 U. Par k Woodhi l l
St . John
J- 305

SB 53 5 PRIN CTN Upnor

Goose Lake
SB 85 5 LTV STL
E M O LIN E KEWAN IP
Col l i ns
LTV TP E Wi l t on Cent er Cr et e
LTV TP N D r esden
M ason
East M ol i ne
KEWAN ; ESK TAP Schahfer
SB 18 5 SB 43 5
S ST TAP
B B
H EN N E; T

105%
93%
H EN N EPIN
SB 112 5 Kendr a

1556A TP
O TTAWA T

MVA MVA N LASAL

O GLES; T O GLESBY La Sal l e

Lasal l e
M arsei l l es
O GLSBY M Wi l m i ngton

K- 319 # 1
Loui sa

D avi s Creek K- 319 # 2

KPECKTP5

WEST 5 Br adl ey

SO . SUB 5 St reator
Brai dw ood

9 SUB 5
H WY61 5

M IN O N K T

GALESBR5

Kankakee
GALESBRG

RICH LAN D
N EWPO RT5
M O N M O UTH

SPN G BAY

Ponti ac M i dpoi nt

D equi ne
M PWSPLIT

H ALLO CK
ELPASO T

Peoria
WATSEKA 17GO D LN D

GILM AN

FARGO
CAT M O SS

RSW EAST
RAD N O R

CAT SUB1

Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect

PIO N EERC E PEO RIA
CAT TAP

contains about 43,000 buses. 25

Solution Log for 1200 MW Outage
In this example the
losss of a 1200 MW
generator in Northern
Illinois was simulated.
This caused
a generation imbalance
in the associated
balancing authority
area, which was
corrected by a
redispatch of local
generation.

26
 Interconnected Operation
 Power systems are interconnected across
large distances.
 For example most of North America east of
the Rockies is one system, most of North
America west of the Rockies is another.
 Most of Texas and Quebec are each
interconnected systems.

27
 Balancing Authority Areas
 A “balancing authority area” (previously called a
“control area”) has traditionally represented the
portion of the interconnected electric grid
operated by a single utility or transmission entity.
 Transmission lines that join two areas are known
as tie-lines.
 The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
 The flow out of an area is equal to
total gen - total load - total losses = tie-line flow
28
 Area Control Error (ACE)
 The area control error is a combination of:
 the deviation of frequency from nominal, and
 the difference between the actual flow out of an area and
the scheduled (agreed) flow.
 That is, the area control error (ACE) is the difference
between the actual flow out of an area minus the
scheduled flow, plus a frequency deviation component:

 ACE provides a measure of whether an area is

producing
ACE more or less than it should
 Pactual  P to satisfy
10f
tie-line flow sched
schedules and to contribute to controlling frequency.

29
 Area Control Error (ACE)
 The ideal is for ACE to be zero.
 Because the load is constantly changing, each area
must constantly change its generation to drive the
ACE towards zero.
 For ERCOT, the historical ten control areas were
amalgamated into one in 2001, so the actual and
scheduled interchange are essentially the same
(both small compared to total demand in ERCOT).
 In ERCOT, ACE is predominantly due to frequency
deviations from nominal since there is very little
scheduled flow to or from other areas outside of
ERCOT.

30
 Automatic Generation Control
 Most systems use automatic generation
control (AGC) to automatically change
generation to keep their ACE close to zero.
 Usually the control center (either ISO or
utility) calculates ACE based upon tie-line
flows and frequency; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators
every four seconds or so.

31
 Power Transactions
 Power transactions are contracts between
generators and (representatives of) loads.
 Contracts can be for any amount of time at any
price for any amount of power.
 Scheduled power transactions between balancing
areas are called “interchange” and implemented by
setting the value of Psched used in the ACE
calculation:
 ACE = Pactual tie-line flow – Psched + 10β Δf
 …and then controlling the generation to bring ACE
towards zero.
32
 “Physical” power Transactions
• For ERCOT, interchange is only relevant over
asynchronous connections between ERCOT
and Eastern Interconnection or Mexico.
• In Eastern and Western Interconnection,
interchange occurs between areas connected
by AC lines.

33
 Three Bus Case on AGC:
no interchange.
-40 MW 40 MW
Bus 2 8 MVR -8 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR
-77 MW -39 MW
150 MW AGC ON
25 MVR 12 MVR 100 MW
166 MVR AVR ON
78 MW 39 MW
-21 MVR -11 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
133 MW
Generation 67 MVR
250 MW AGC ON
is automatically 34 MVR AVR ON

changed to match Net tie-line flow is

change in load close to zero
34
 100 MW Transaction between
areas in Eastern or Western
8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR
-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
113 MW
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON

Scheduled 8 MVR AVR ON

Net tie-line
100 MW flow is now
Transaction from Left to Right 100 MW
35
 PTDFs
 Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) show
the linearized impact of a transfer of power.
 PTDFs can be estimated using the fast
decoupled power flow B matrix:

θ  B 1P
Once we know θ we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows to evaluate PTDFs.
Note that we can modify several elements in P,
in proportion to how the specified generators would
participate in the power transfer. 36
 Nine Bus PTDF Example
Figure shows initial flows for a nine bus power system

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

10% 71%
71.1 MW C
60% 57%
92% 0.00 deg 64%
55%
11%
G F E
150.0 MW

74% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 44% 32%

24%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

37
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from A to I

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

43% 30%
71.1 MW C
57% 10%
13% 0.00 deg 20%
35%
2%
G F E
150.0 MW

34% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 34% 32%

34%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

38
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd
Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows for a change in transaction from G to F

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

6% 18%
71.1 MW C
6% 6%
12% 0.00 deg 12%
61%
19%
G F E
150.0 MW

21% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 20%

21%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

39
WE to TVA PTDFs

40
 Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
• LODFs are used to approximate the change in
the flow on one line caused by the outage of a
second line
– typically they are only used to determine the change
in the MW flow compared to the pre-contingency
flow if a contingency were to occur,
– LODFs are used extensively in real-time operations,
– LODFs are approximately independent of flows but
do depend on the assumed network topology.

41
Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
Pl  change in flow on line l ,
due to outage of line k.
Pk  pre-contingency flow on line k
Pl  LODFl ,k Pk ,
Estimates change in flow on line l
if outage on line k were to occur.
42
 Line Outage Distribution Factors
(LODFs)
If line k initially had Pk  100 MW of flow on it,
and line l initially had Pl  50 MW flow on it,
and then there was an outage of line k ,
if LODFl ,k =0.1 then the increase in flow
on line l after a contingency of line k would be:
Pl  LODFl ,k Pk  0.1  100  10 MW
from 50 MW to 60 MW. 43
 Flowgates
• The real-time loading of the power grid can be
assessed via “flowgates.”
• A flowgate “flow” is the real power flow on one
or more transmission elements for either base
case conditions or a single contingency
– Flows in the event of a contingency are approximated
in terms of pre-contingency flows using LODFs.
• Elements are chosen so that total flow has a
relation to an underlying physical limit.
44
 Flowgates
• Limits due to voltage or stability limits are often
represented by effective flowgate limits, which are
acting as “proxies” for these other types of limits.
• Flowgate limits are also often used to represent
thermal constraints on corridors of multiple lines
between zones or areas.
• The inter-zonal constraints that were used in ERCOT
until December 2010 are flowgates that represent
inter-zonal corridors of lines.

45