Early thoughts and

Philisophies of Educational
Management in the
Philippines

Prepared By:
HANNA JOY B. CORREA
 Objectives
Deeply understand the early thoughts and
philosophies of education in the other country
initiated by Filipino Educators.
Influences on
Educational
operations
Pre-Spanish
◦ The education during the Pre-Spanish
time was informal and unstructured.
The fathers taught their sons how to
look for food and other means of
livelihood while the mothers taught
their daughters how to do household
chores. These are basically to prepare
them to become good husbands and
wives. During that time they know
how to read and write using
the Alibata 

4
◦ Then the Spanish came and the
education system became formal.
Their objective is to teach the natives
the Christian Doctrines using the
“Doctrina Christiana” along with
cathechism, which main targets are
the children because they can easily
learn and follow unlike adults who
already have their own beliefs. 

5
◦ In 1863 an Educational Decree mandated the school for
boys and girls. The medium of instruction during the
Spanish time was Tagalog and Spanish. In 1863 an
Educational Decree mandated the establishment of free
primary schools in each town, one for the boys and one
for girls with the precise number of schools depending
on the size of the population. There were three
grades: entrada, ascenso and termino. The curriculum
required the study of Christian doctrine, values and
history as well as reading and writing in Spanish,
mathematics, agriculture, etiquette, singing, world
geography, and Spanish history. Girls were also taught
sewing.

6
 Contrary to what the Propaganda of the Spanish–American War
 tried to depict, they were not religious schools, but schools
established, supported and maintained by the Spanish
Government and free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory.

7
By 1898, enrollment in schools at all levels exceeded 200,000
students. As a result of the implementation of public education, a
new social class of educated Filipinos arose, that came to be known
as the Ilustrados. This new enlightened class of Filipinos would later
lead the Philippine independence movement, using the Spanish
language as their main communication method. Among the Ilustrados
who had also studied in Spain were José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, 
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce or Antonio Luna, who were to
lead later the cause of Filipino self-government and independence.

8
The defeat of Spain by American forces paved the way for
Aguinaldo’s Republic under a Revolutionary Government. The
schools maintained by Spain for more than three centuries
were closed for the time. The Burgos Institute in Malolos, the
Military Academy of Malolos, and the Literary University of the
Philippines were established. A system of free and compulsory
elementary education was established by the 
Malolos Constitution.

9
 THE FILIPINOS AND AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
The United States considered public Education second importance only to the
political development of the Filipinos. The Letter of Instruction of the Taft
Commission to promote, extend, and improve the educational work initiated
by the Military Regime, and to give first priority to “the extension of a system
of primary education which shall be free to all,” such education “to fit the
people for the duties of citizenship and for the ordinary avocations of civilized
community.” In the reception of the Faribault plan it is impossible to the state
categorically what the Filipino was. The Filipino school under the American rule
opened on Corregidor Island, off Manila Harbor, in May 1898, followed by the
reopening of the city schools in Manila. It also had established a “common
medium of communication” among the Filipinos, who spoke different
languages. This medium should be in English language. Education and Public
Health was a legacy of the Americans.

10
THE MIND AND THE SPIRIT AT BAY
When the Japanese officially occupied
Manila on January 3, 1942, the schools
throughout the country were still closed to
education, public and private, was in the
state of animation. A year before war,
Philippine educational system, carefully
planned by the early American
administrators suffered a disastrous setback
when National Assembly passed passé the
infamous Educational Act of 1940. Low as
the standard was of public education when
the Japanese took over the reins of the
government, the public school system
nevertheless continued to symbolize the
democratization of the Philippine society. 

11
 Feb.17, 1942, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese army
issued Order No.2 to wherein they laid down the “6 basic principles of
education.
 to make people understand the position of the Philippines as a member of the Greater
East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere….thus to promote friendly relations between Japan
and the Philippines to the furthest extent.
 to eradicate the old idea of the resilience upon the western nations….and to foster a
new Filipino culture on the self-consciousness of the people as Orientals
1) to endeavor to elevate the morals of the people, giving up over emphasis on
materialism.
 to strive for the diffusion of the Japanese language in the Philippines and to terminate
the use of English in due course.( but still we are allowed to speak Tagalog)
 to put importance to the diffusion of elementary education and to the promotion of
vocational education( because they need manual labor and agriculture to produce fuel
and food for them after they destroy our farm because of the war).
 And to inspire the people with the spirit of love and labor.

12
13
 Educational ladder
by
Rizal, Mabini, Quezon, Laurel, Osmeña,
Magsaysay, Macapagal and others
 “
Educational Ladder
by
Jose P. Rizal

15
José Protasio Rizal Mercado
y Alonso Realonda
◦ Rizal always considered education as a
medicine or something that could cure
the problems of Colonial Philippines. He
believed in education that is free from
political and religious control. He asserted
that reform can not be achieved if there is
no suitable education, a liberal one
available to Filipinos.

16
 The Greatest Contributions of Rizal is his Poem
entitled A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth) which states even in the young age anyone
can serve his/her Country and desire the best for
it.
Dr. Jose Rizal composed the poem “To
the Filipino Youth,” dedicating to
the youth of the Philippines. He wanted
the Filipino youth to use their
capabilities, talents and skills to stand
out not only for their own praise and
success but also for the praise and
success of their own motherland,
the Philippines

18
 Rizal’s concept of the importance of education is clearly
enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he sought
improvements in the schools and in the methods of teaching. For
Rizal, the mission of education is to elevate the country to the
highest seat of glory and to develop the people’s mentality. Since
education is the foundation of society and a prerequisite for social
progress, Rizal claimed that only through education could the country
be saved from domination. 
Rizal’s philosophy of education, therefore, centers on the
provision of proper motivation in order to bolster the great social
forces that make education a success, to create in the youth an
innate desire to cultivate his intelligence and give him life eternal.

19
 “
Educational Ladder
by
APOLINARIO MABINI

20
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan
◦ Apolinario Mabini was undoubtedly the most
profound thinker and political philosopher that the
Filipino race ever produced.
◦ "Upang maitindig natin ang bantayog ng ating lipunan,
kailangang radikal nating baguhin hindi lamang ang ating mga
institusyon kundi maging ang ating pag-iisip at pamumuhay.
Kailangan ang rebolusyon, hindi lamang sa panlabas, kundi lalo
na sa panloob!" --Apolinario Mabini, La Revolucion Filipina
(1898)

21
◦ According to Mabini, genuine social renewal can only be achieved through
radical institutional and personal changes. Personal change meant an
alteration of the way of Filipinos think and live. Mabini believes that an
“internal and external revolution” was necessary in order to “establish a
more solid basis for moral education and to foreswear the vices that we
have inherited from the Spaniards.
◦ (David, 2015) 

22
◦ 1. Love of God and one’s honor
Mabini developed a decalogue
that is made up of truths
communicated by God to men
through the use of reason. The
Decalogue of Mabini focused
on God, nation, independence,
and the love of neighbors. He
believed that once the rules of
the Decalogue were reflected
upon and understood, people
will discover things which have
been hidden from them by the
Spaniards. Below are the main
points in Mabini’s Decalogue:
2. Nation was to be loved as the
patrimony of the race.
3. Happiness of the nation was to
take precedence over that of the
individual.
4. Independence was to be a major
aspiration.
5. People must not recognize any
person as an authority unless he
had been properly elected by them.
6. Love your neighbor not merely
as a neighbor but as a fellow
member of a community.
23
 “
Educational Ladder
by
Jose Paciano Laurel Y
Garcia

24
 Jose Paciano Laurel Y
Garcia
◦ Jose P. Laurel contribution to
education in the Philippines was
tremendous. He advocated for
education for the Filipinos, and their
economic progress on books such as
Education for Filipinos: Address
Delivered at the Commencement
Exercises.

25
The trials of Rizal bill by Jose P. Laurel The books of Rizal, specifically Noli Me Tangere,
and El Filibusterismo were the base of argument raised by Senator Rodrigo. The heated
disputes included the law that was sponsored by Sen. Jose P. Laurel. This law was enacted
on June 12, 1956, with the purpose to disseminate Rizal’s ideas. The original Rizal which
was opposed by the Catholic church, since it impaired their religious freedom, was later
revised. The final version removed the idea of compulsion, and it exempted others by
reason of faith. This led to citizens having mixed feelings on the bill, but since the
unexpurgated version was not pushed through, the Catholics felt that their needs were put
into account. With these core educational philosophy and values, Jose P. Laurels philosophy
of education is indeed relevant and applicable to contemporary trends, needs, demands, and
aspirations of the country. His philosophy emphasizes that education must develop good
Filipinos, economic Filipinos, and universal Filipinos

26
 “
Educational Ladder
by
Sergio Osmeña

27
 Sergio Osmeña
◦ Osmeña tried to reinstitute the American pattern of
education and to get rid of all the residues of Japanese
indoctrination. 
◦ With his resourceful mind, steadfast purpose, and
mature courage in the face of the chaotic conditions of
the postwar reconstruction period,

28
Realizing the importance of extending social justice to the teachers, who
constitute a potent force in the rehabilitation of the country, the
Administration is exerting itself to improve their lot. The payment of two
months’ gratuity to all loyal officials and employees and the payment of
bonuses to low-salaried teachers and employees have relieved the
situation considerably. In the distribution of relief goods, such as clothing
and shoes, teachers are given preference. A call has been sent out to
absent employees of the Department of Public Instruction who may want
to come back to their jobs.

29
 “
Educational Ladder
by
 Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay

30
 Ramon Magsaysay
◦ Magsaysay initiated the use of prefabricated
schoolhouses, “mass-produced [and] set up in the
barrios, also on a self-help basis, with the people
providing the labor,” strengthening the community
school movement he started.
◦ While widening opportunities for education by building
more schoolhouses, Magsaysay also tried to enhance
the chances of employment for the country’s youth by
giving emphasis to vocational education, a goal that the
recently re-engineered basic education program, K to
12 (kindergarten to Grade 12), is trying to achieve.

31
Long before Brigada Eskwela would harness community, private sector
and individual initiative and labor to provide for schools’ needs,
Magsaysay announced in his second State of the Nation Address (Sona)
that government programs in health, education and social welfare were
being “reoriented with emphasis on self-help.”

32
 “
Educational Ladder
by
Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo
33
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
◦ Proving that the succeeding president had gave her
priority to the needs of our country in terms of better
education
◦ President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo seeks better quality
of Philippine education. Her government believes that
education is a key venture that “can break the Filipino’s
seemingly endless cycle of poverty.”
◦ This is anchored on the belief that the more and better
educated people are, the bigger the chances of
economic growth. High literacy rate vs state of the
country. 

34
◦ The education reform that the succeeding president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo implemented focuses on 7 different aspects namely:
◦ 1.)    Easing the Textbook Backlog which is the printing of 10 million copies of textbooks for 19,000 public schools to ensure that
every student specifically does in Grade I to Grade IV would have textbooks for the priority subjects.
◦ 2.)    The constructing of more school buildings with an allotted budget of 40 million pesos
◦ 3.)    Restoring English as medium of instruction
◦ 4.)    Implementing the Basic Education Curriculum (BEC). Upgrading the teaching of five learning areas of English, Science,
Math, Filipino and Makabayan in basic education and Training teachers as well.
◦ 5.)    Improving Teacher Welfare by cleaning up its automatic payroll deduction systems (APDS) for teachers with loans and by
hiring an additional of 15,000 new teachers.
◦ 6.)    Mainstreaming Distance Learning: The project, aimed at extending the benefits of education to remote barangays that do not
have classrooms and teachers, has made schooling available through television facilities put up in areas where quality of education
is very low. In areas where television cannot reach them, the students are taught through “technovans”, which house a television set
and instructional materials in reading, writing and arithmetic.
◦ 7.)    Launching the Internet-based Education Program. In support of the national effort to empower and prepare the youth for the
Information Age, the ed. venture program has already built 15 fully equipped, Internet-connected and fully air-conditioned
computer laboratories in public schools nationwide.

35
Ferdinand Marcos
• Education Reform
Access to free education widened during the Marcos Administration. The biggest
portion of the budget was allotted for Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% in 1985 and almost
100% in Metro Manila on the same year.

36
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
• Estrada increased budget for basic education and planned to achieve universal Primary
education by 2015. He spent more amount for early childhood education and pre-school
education. He built economic reforms to support the finance department of Philippines.

Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III

• was remembered by his education secretary for major reforms in schools, including his push for the K-12
curriculum. He was the president who called for two more years — now called Senior High School — in
the basic education system. Very few people realize that during his term, the biggest education reform that
we were unable to do in decades past [was] put into law and that's the K-12," he said, "with all the
political difficulties as well as challenges.“

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

• commits to provide quality and affordable education to all “Education is the single most important
legacy that we can bestow upon our youth. It opens doors for countless opportunities that will lead to
their further empowerment, greater success and the realization of their individual aspirations,” the
President said.

37
39
 Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the Is the color of

IN TWO OR butter and ripe clear sky and the blood, and because

THREE lemons. In the

spectrum of visible
deep sea. It is
located between
of this it has
historically been
COLUMNS light, yellow is violet and green on associated with
found between the optical sacrifice, danger
green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

40
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
A complex idea can be
conveyed with just a single
still image, namely making it
possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.

41
WANT BIG IMPACT? USE BIG IMAGE.

42
 LOREM 3 LOREM 1

Vestibulum nec congue tempus Vestibulum nec congue tempus

USE
lorem ipsum lorem ipsum

DIAGRAMS Vestibulum nec

congue tempus
TO EXPLAIN
YOUR IDEAS

LOREM 2

Vestibulum nec congue tempus

lorem ipsum

43
 MAPS

our office

44
89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

45
 ◦ V. TRACES OF FAILURES THAT ARE STILL PRESENT IN CURRENT EDUCATION
◦ If you believe in the importance of education and subscribe to the notion that an educated individual is always likely to
behave in a proper and righteous manner, then you cannot help but feel dismayed by what seems to be education’s utter
failure in the Philippines. The country is today a place where bribery and corruption seem to have worked their way into
every nook and cranny of society. Money it seems is the only thing that matters to Filipinos. The rich use it to get their

89,526,124$
way, while the poor are happy to sell their souls for whatever they can get for it. Over the years the situation seems to
have steadily deteriorated due to what many believe are inherently bad traits of Filipinos who are: envious, parochial,
indolent, lacking morals, and so on. Those are but a few of the negative traits Filipinos routinely heap on each other.
However, it must be pointed out that negative traits can eventually be corrected by an education system that reinforces
the good and deemphasizes the bad. After all, isn’t that the essence what an ‘educated’ person is: a civilized individual
who has learned to subdue his baser traits while accentuating his higher, nobler ones? From that perspective, Philippine
education is a failure. Both public and private schools have simply been churning out ‘rudderless’ graduates who have
caused the Philippines to go from first to last in Southeast Asia over a period of six decades. Thus, it would be difficult for
one to argue that education in the Philippines has been anything but an abject failure. And it will remain a failure until it
Total success!
begins to ‘remake’ Filipinos into that educated ideal they always should have been.

46
 Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter
and ripe lemons. In the
spectrum of visible light,
yellow is found between
green and orange.
LET’S
REVIEW
SOME Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter
CONCEPTS and ripe lemons. In the
spectrum of visible light,
yellow is found between
green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea. It is
located between violet
and green on the optical
spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea. It is
located between violet
and green on the optical
spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been
associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been
associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
47
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 Yellow is the
Blue is the colour Red is the colour Black is the color color of gold, White is the color Blue is the colour
of the clear sky of danger and of ebony and of butter and ripe of milk and fresh of the clear sky
and the deep sea courage outer space lemons snow and the deep sea

TIMELINE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Yellow is the White is the color Blue is the colour Red is the colour Black is the color Yellow is the
color of gold, of milk and fresh of the clear sky of danger and of ebony and of color of gold,
butter and ripe snow and the deep sea courage outer space butter and ripe
lemons lemons

55
 ROADMAP

Blue is the colour of the Red is the colour of danger Black is the color of ebony
clear sky and the deep sea and courage and of outer space

1 3 5

2 4 6

Yellow is the color of gold, White is the color of milk Blue is the colour of the
butter and ripe lemons and fresh snow clear sky and the deep sea

56
 Week 1 Week 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Task 1

Task 2 ◆

GANTT Task 3

CHART Task 4 ◆

Task 5 ◆

Task 6

Task 7

Task 8

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 SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Blue is the colour of Yellow is the color of
the clear sky and the gold, butter and ripe
deep sea lemons

Black is the color of

ebony and of outer White is the color of
space milk and fresh snow
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

58
 BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

Key Partners Key Activities Value Propositions Customer Relationships Customer Segments
Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content

Key Resources Channels

Insert your content Insert your content

Cost Structure Revenue Streams

Insert your content Insert your content

59
 AWARENESS Insert your content

DISCOVERY Insert your content

FUNNEL EVALUATION Insert your content

INTENT Insert your content

PURCHASE Insert your content

LOYALTY Insert your content

60
 TEAM PRESENTATION

Imani Jackson Marcos Galán Ixchel Valdía Nils Årud

JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE
Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear Blue is the colour of the clear
sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea sky and the deep sea

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 COMPETITOR MATRIX
HIGH VALUE 2

Competitor
Compet
itor
Our company

Competitor

HIGH VALUE 1
LOW VALUE 1

Competitor

Competitor Competitor

LOW VALUE 2

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 SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

9:00 - 9:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

10:00 - 10:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

WEEKLY
11:00 - 11:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

PLANNER 12:00 - 13:15 ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time

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15:30 - 16:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task

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