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 8 , 2 0 Q1 Interpreting and Evaluating
20
y 1 ST
Ma
0 pm
E Experimental Results
2:0
25 minutes to read and respond. 5 minutes to upload.
65% of exam score
Authentic scenario accompanied by data in a table and/or
graph.

A. Describe and explain biological concepts, processes,

models, in applied context

B. Identify and justify experimental design procedures

C. Analyze data

D. Make and justify predictions

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 Q2 Conceptual Analysis
15 minutes for response. 5 minutes to upload.
35% of score
Authentic scenario describing a biological phenomenon with
a disruption.
A. Describe biological concepts or processes in applied
context.
B. Explain biological concepts or processes, in applied
context.
C. Predict the causes or effects of a change in a biological
system
D. Support or Justify a claim with reasoning or evidence.

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 LESSON OVERVIEW – Unit 2
Today, I will be reviewing:
Pen, Paper,
and
• Membrane Transport Calculator

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain these Learning
Objectives:

• The roles of each of the components of the cell membrane.

• The Fluid Mosaic Model.
• How the structure of biological membranes influences selective
permeability.
• The role of the cell wall in maintaining cell structure and function.
• The mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across
the plasma membrane.
• The processes that allow ions and other molecules to move across the
,.
membrane.
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 WARM-UP – HOMEWORK FROM ORGANELLES AND
CELL SIZE

,.

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Answer from Homework

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Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The hydrophilic
phosphate regions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous
external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid regions
face
EXTERNAL
each other within the interior of the membrane.

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic
INTERNAL
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Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with
charged and polar side groups, or
hydrophobic, with nonpolar side groups.

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The Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membranes
consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules that
are embedded with proteins, steroids (such as cholesterol in
eukaryotes), glycoproteins and glycolipids that can flow around
the surface of the cell within the membrane.

GLYCOLIPID GLYCOPROTEIN

CHOLESTEROL
INTEGRAL
TRANSMEMBRANE/INTEGRAL PERIPHERAL
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Fluid Mosaic Model

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The structure of cell
membranes result in
selective permeability.

Cell membranes separate

the internal environment of the
cell from the external
environment.

Selective permeability is a
direct consequence of
membrane structure, as
described by the fluid
mosaic model.
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Small nonpolar molecules, including N2, O2, and CO2 freely pass across the
membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions,
move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins.
Polar uncharged molecules, including H2O, pass through the membranes in small
amounts.
Polar molecules O2

CO2
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Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some
substances to the internal environment. Cell walls of plants, prokaryotes, and fungi
are composed of complex carbohydrates.

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Passive Transport

Passive transport is the net

movement of molecules
from high concentration to
low concentration without
direct input of metabolic
energy.

Passive transport plays a

primary role in the import of
materials and the export of
wastes.

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Active Transport
Active transport ATP
requires the direct
input of low energy needed
to move molecules
from regions of
low concentration
to regions of high
concentration.

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CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS

The selective permeability of membranes allows for the

formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the
membrane.

PASSIVE ACTIVE
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
FACILITATED ATP
DIFFUSION NEEDED

“MOVE FROM HIGH TO “MOVING AGAINST

LOW CONCENTRATION THE GRADIENT FROM
GRADIENT” LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS” 20
ENDOCYTOSIS
The processes of
endocytosis and
exocytosis require energy
to move large molecules
into and out of cells.
In endocytosis, the cell
takes in macromolecules
and particulate matter by
forming new vesicles
derived from the plasma
membrane.

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ENDOCYTOSIS

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor Mediated

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EXOCYTOSIS – ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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 Science Skill Practice:
6.B Support a claim with evidence from
biological principles, concepts,
processes, and/or data

Task Verbs Used Today:

Describe
Explain
Identify
Support
Predict
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Writing FRQ responses:
The relationship of structure to function is one
of the major themes in biology.
For the following structure/function pairs,
describe the structure and then explain how the
function is related to the structure.

Membrane protein structure/active transport

OR
Membrane protein structure/facilitated
diffusion.
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Scoring Guideline

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 A
Plant cell walls are composed of Cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of
Chiten. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall
has
largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another
group
of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and
fungal cells serve similar functions.
Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis
described above?

A. Plant cell walls are found just outside the plasma membrane, while fungal cell
walls are found just beneath the plasma membrane.
B. In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell
membrane.
C. Some plant cells have secondary cell walls that confer additional rigidity, while
fungal cells do not.
D. Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells, but it does not occur in fungal cells.
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B
A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two
liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and
dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate throughout the
body. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma
volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion
of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of the
water.

If the ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

A. The number of aquaporins would increase in response to the inhibition of

ADH.
B. The person would decrease oral water intake to compensate for the inhibition
of ADH.
C. Blood filtration would increase to compensate for the lack of aquaporins.
D. The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.

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 D
A team of biologists develop a new drug, and one team member hypothesizes that
the drug is incapable of freely passing across the plasma membrane and requires
the help of membrane proteins to enter cells. Alternatively, another biologist on
the team hypothesizes that the drug can diffuse passively across the plasma
membrane like O2 and CO2 can.

Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative
hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across the plasma
membranes?

A. The drug is a small nonpolar molecule

B. The drug is a small charged molecule
C. The drug is a large polar molecule
D. The drug is a large charged molecule.

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A

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B.

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35
Mitochondria and chloroplast are the energy-processing organelles of eukaryotic cells.
Both organelles contain outer and inner membranes. The inner membrane of
the mitochondrion contains many folds. The chloroplasts have a third membrane
forming the thylakoids. Molecules such as enzymes responsible for the synthesis of
ATP are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and the thylakoid
membrane of the chloroplast.

b. Based on the diagram, describe how the structure of these organelles control
movement across the membranes.

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Scoring Guidelines

b. The response indicates one of the following:

Membrane selective permeability

Compartmentalization
Surface area (SA:V)
Active transport

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c. Complete the table to represent the relationship between volume and surface
area of a spherical structure surrounded by a membrane.
Sphere Radius Volume Surface Area Ratio of Surface Area
to Volume
1 mm

3 mm

d. Explain how the folding of the

mitochondrial inner membrane
and the individual chloroplast
thylakoids are beneficial to a cell
that is carrying out chemical reactions.

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Part C
The response shows a completed table with the correct values in
the Volume, Surface Area, and Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
columns.

4.19 12.56 3:1

113.04 113.04 1:1

Part D
The response indicates that the folding increases surface area so
that the membrane can hold more enzymes, and
more reactions (ATP production) can take place than if less
surface area was present.
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Take aways for today:
You should be able to describe the role of each component of the cell
membrane.
You should be able to explain how biological membranes influence
selective permeability.
You should be able to describe and explain transport mechanisms for
moving large molecules across the plasma membrane.
The processes that allow ions and other molecules to move across the
membrane.

You should also be able to:

Describe The Fluid Mosaic Model.
Explain the role of the cell wall in maintaining cell structure and function.
Be able to describe it, explain it, and predict what would happen
without it.
Common errors and misunderstandings

Students should read the question carefully

and reread it to ensure that they understand
what is being asked.

They should also focus on the bold printed

terms, which give direction on how to answer
each part of the question.

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 AP EXAM PRACTICE – HOMEWORK
Proteins – large complex molecules– are
major building blocks of all living organisms.

Discuss the following in relation to proteins:

The roles of proteins in membrane structure

and transport of molecules across the
membrane.

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Device and Internet Access

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Do il 24
A p r
We know that not all students have access to the internet or a
device. We’re working on solutions to help students get what
they need to show their best work. If you need mobile tools or
connectivity or know someone who does, you can reach us
directly to let us know.

cb.org/tech
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