Kinetic Molecular Model

of Solids and Liquids

How does the food colouring disperse
in the water?
 Kinetic Molecular Model
The properties of solid and liquids depend on
these two:
1. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
2. Kinetic energy of Individual Particles
Characteristics of Solids and Liquids
 SOLID
• Have definite shape • Particles are:
• Do not flow • strongly attracted to
each other
• Virtually
• Vibrate a little
incompressible
• Vibrate faster when
• Expand when heated, heated
but to a lesser extent
than liquids and gases.
 LIQUID
• Have no definite shape • Particles are:
• Flow and take the • weakly attracted to
shape of the container each other
• Vibrate and move
• Very difficult to more than those in a
compress solid
• Slightly expand when • Move faster when
heated heated
Intermolecular Forces and
Properties of Liquids
Which of these two evaporates
faster?
 The physical
properties of
matter are
influenced by
IMFA
Physical Properties Influenced by IMFA
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Viscosity
Melting point
Surface tension
Molar Heat of Vaporization
 Vapor Pressure
• Pressure exerted by the
vapour state of a substance.
• Indicates how fast the liquid
evaporates.
Acetone evaporates faster than
isopropyl alcohol can you explain
this?
Isopropyl alcohol Acetone
 Boiling Point
• Temperature at which its
vapour pressure equals to the
external or atmospheric
pressure
• Normal Boiling Point – the
temperature at which a liquid
boils under an atmospheric
pressure of 1 atm.
Why is it harder to cook eggs
in high altitude?
Which boils
faster: acetone or
water? Why?
The IMFA in water is stronger than the one present in acetone.

Water Acetone
Molar Heat of Heat Vaporization
• Amount of heat
required to vaporize one
mole of a substance at
its boiling point.
The IMFA in water is stronger than the one present in ammonia.
 Melting Point
• temperature at which
solid and liquid phase
coexist in equilibrium.
The IMFA in water is stronger than the one present in acetone.

Water Acetone
Melts at Melts at
 Viscosity
• Resistance of a liquid to
flow.
• Refers to the thickness
or thinness of a liquid.
the stronger IMFA, the thicker the
substance

Glycerol Water
 Surface Tension
• property of a liquid to
resist an external force
and thus assume a
lesser surface area.
Structure and Properties of
Water
1. Ice is less dense than water. Why?
2. What happens to the bond as we increase the temperature?
Types and Properties of Solids
 Types of Solid based on the
Arrangement of their Particle

Amorphous Crystalline
Amorphous Solid
• Formed rapidly that results
to the constituent particles
to not align or organize
themselves in a crystalline
structure.
 Crystalline Solid
• Has a well-defined crystal
lattice.
• Lattice – three-dimensional
system of points
designating the positions of
the components (atoms,
ions or molecules) that
make up a crystal.
 Types of Crystalline Solid

Metallic Ionic Solids

Molecular Solids
Network
Group 8A
 Ionic Solids
• Component of Lattice Points:
Ions
• Type of Interaction Present:
Ionic
• Typical Properties: Hard; High
Melting Points; insulator but
conducts when dissolved.
• Examples: Sodium Chloride and
Calcium Fluoride
 Molecular Solids
• Component of Lattice Points:
Discrete Molecules
• Type of Interaction Present:
Dipole-dipole and/or London-
Dispersion forces
• Typical Properties: soft; low-
melting point
• Examples: ice; dry ice
 Metallic
• Component of Lattice Points:
metal atoms
• Type of Interaction Present:
delocalized electrons
• Typical Properties: wide range
of hardness and melting points
• Examples: silver, iron, brass
Brass
 Network
• Component of Lattice Points:
non-metal atoms
• Type of Interaction Present:
directional covalent (leading to
giant molecules)
• Typical Properties: hard; high
melting points
• Examples: diamond
Quartz
 Group 8A
• Component of Lattice Points:
noble gas atoms
• Type of Interaction Present:
London dispersion forces
• Typical Properties: very low
melting points
• Examples: argon

Argon ice
 Phase Changes
and Phase Diagrams
 Phase Diagrams
• Graphical representation of the
pressure-temperature
relationship.
• It is useful in determining the
condition (pressure and
temperature) in which the a
substance will exist as a solid,
liquid, or gas, or the conditions at
which two phases exist as
equilibrium.
Phase Diagram of Water
Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide