BIOLOGY PROJECT REPORT

ON
AIDS
SUBMITTED BY : LUBHANSHU
ROLL NO : 17611191
CLASS : 12TH

SUBMITTED TO : Mrs . ASHA SOLANKI

 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT LUBHANSHU OF CLASS
12TH OF AGGARWAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ,SEC-
3,FARIDABAD HAS SUCCESFULLY COMPLETED THIS
BIOLOGY PROJECT ON THE ‘’AIDS’’ UNDER
SUPERVISION OF MRS.ASHA SOLANKI, DURING
ACAEDMIC SESSION 2020-2021 AS PER TE
GUIDELINES ISSUED BY CBSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 I WOULD LIKE TO CONVEY MY HEARTFELT THANKS TO MY

PRINCIPAL MADAM WHO PROVIDED US WISUITABLE
EQUIPMENT TO COMPLETE OUR PROJECT.THE GREATEST
PORTION OF MY THANKFULNESS GOES TO MY BIOLOGY
TEACHER Mrs . ASHA SOLANKI WHO ALWAYS GAVE
VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR THE
COMPLETION OF MY PROJECT. SHE HELPED ME TO
UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER IMPORTANT DETAILS OF
THE PROJECT THAT I WOULD HAVE OTHERWISE LOST.
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Discovery of AIDS
 Virology
 Symptoms of AIDS
 Transmission
 Medium that do not cause AIDS
 Diagnosis
 Manifestation
 Treatment
 Preventions
 Society and Culture
 Conclusion
 Observation
 Biblography
 INTRODUCTION
 AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the
united states . Full name of AIDS is Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome . AIDS cannot be
compared to disease like malaria and cholera
which calm more live in country currently . It
has greater impact than other disease . It is a
disease in which there is secure loss of the
body’s cellular immunity , greatly lowering the
resistance to infection and malignancy . It is a
syndrome which is cause by HIV
 VIROLOGY
 It was first noticed in USA in 1981 . The American and French
scientist independently the AIDS virus in 1984 .
 The virus first named as HCLV III(Human Cell leukaemia virus III).
 HIV is a remember of the genus Lentivirus , part of the family
Retroviridae .
 Lentivirus are transmitted as single-stranded , positive-sense ,
enveloped RNA viruses .
 Upon entry into the target cell , the viral RNA genome is converted
into double-stranded DNA by virally encoded integrase and the host
co-factor.
 Once integrated , the viral may become latent , allowing the virus
and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system .
 The viral DNA is imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into
the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and the host co-
factor .
HUMAN IMMUODEFICIENCY VIRUS - HIV
HIV Lifecycle
 SYMPTOMS OF AIDS
 Rapid weight loss , fever , large tender lymph nodes , throat inflammation
, a rash , headache , sores of mouth and genital , muscle pains .
 Gastrointestinal symptoms , such as vomiting or diarrhoea may occur .
 Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain-Barre
syndrome also occur .
 Pneumocystis pneumonia .
 Respiratory tract infections.
 Viral induced cancers , including Kaposi’s sarcoma , cervical cancer .
 Extreme and unexplained tiredness .
 Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits , groin or neck .
 Memory loss depression and other Neurologic disorders .
 RED , brown , pink blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth ,
nose or eyelids .
 TRANSMISSION
 AIDS virus transmitted by:-
 Sexual intercourse with an infected partner if there is
tissue injury to permit blood contact .
 Use of contaminated needles and syringes to iject drugs
and vaccines .
 Use of contaminated razors , needles for boring pinnae .
 Transfusion of infected blood or blood product .
 Organ transplant .
 Artificial insemination .
 Parturition from mother to baby due to baby due to
rupturing of blood vessels .
MEDIUM THAT DO NOT CAUSE
AIDS:-
 Casual contact , such as hand .
 Body contact in crowded places .
 Working or playing together .
 Eating food cooked by infected person
 Using toilet or swimming pool .
 DIAGNOSIS
 HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based
on the presence of certain signs or symptoms .
 HIV infection can only be diagnosed by:-
 By PCR testing .
 By ELISA test:
1. By PCR(Polymerase Chain reaction)
This test detects the HIV RNA or DNA , or via testing for the
P24 antigen .
Rather than detecting anti bodies to HIV . Therefore,PCR can
reveal an
HIV infection before anti bodies can be detected. PCR can also

accurately determine whether a baby born to infected mother

has HIV.
 TREATEMENT
 Treatment consists of highly active anti retro viral therapy (HAART)
which slow progression of disease . It also include preventive and
treatment of opportunistic infection .
Treatment involves combinations of drugs from different classes
to:

 Account for individual drug resistance. (viral genotype)

 Avoid creating new drug-resistant strains of HIV.
 Maximize suppression of virus in the blood.
ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS FOR
HIV
 PREVENTION
 People can get or transmit HIV only through specific
activities, such as sex or injection drug use.
 HIV can be transmitted only in certain body fluids from a
person who has HIV. These fluids are blood, semen, pre-
seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
 To reduce your risk of HIV, use condoms correctly every time
you have sex. Do not inject drugs.
 If you do not have HIV but are at risk of getting HIV, talk to
your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis
(PrEP). PrEP involves taking a specific HIV medicine every day
to reduce the risk of getting HIV through sex or injection drug
use.
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE
 AIDS is considered to be one of the most devastating infections during
gestation, having both medical and ethical implications; as a result, women
are trapped between social obstacles.
 ECONOMIC IMPACT
 AIDS affect the economics of both individuals and countries . The GDP of
most affected countries decreased due to the lack of human capital.
Without proper nutrition ,health care ,and medicine large no. of people die
from AIDS .
 RELIGION
 The topic religion and AIDS has become highly controversial in the past 20
years , primarily because some religion authorities have publically declared
their opposite to use of condoms.
 CONCLUSIONS
 After studying the cause and effects of AIDS
from different views, we conclude that it is a
pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading
sexually and person of the age group of 25-45
years are most affected group. There are some
method like Antiviral Therapy and Immune
simulative Therapy which bring some hope that
even no specific treatment has been found so
far and morality form is virtually 100%. So
prevention is the test , medicine and care.
 OBSERVATION
 AIDSimmersed as pandemic disease. It is
nondurable. It is more common in developing
countries. Now everyday 1000 peoples are going
to become HIV infected in the world . This is
mainly blood transfusion and sexual contact . In
whole world about 3 crore 30 lakhs people are
HIV + ve and in India 3 lakh 70 thousands are HIV
+ ve person are higher in tamilnadu,
bombay,calcutta , Kerala and Manipur.
 BIBLOGRAPHY
 TRUE MAN
 ARIHANT
 NCERT
 INTERNET