BIODIVERSITY

AND EVOLUTION
Prepared by: ANGELA D. VIRAY, RN, LPT
Objectives:

1. Determine the pattern of population distribution;

2. Explain the probable causes of species extinction;

3. Explain some environmental issues that contributed to species extinction.

 Pre-Assessment

Which pertains to organism that existed in the past but no longer existing in
the present time?

Exotic

Extinct

Endemic
 Pre-Assessment

Which of the following causes extinction directly brought about by human

activity?

Overharvesting

Cosmic radiation

Volcanic eruption
 Pre-Assessment

Which pertains to the largest number of individual in a species that an

environment sustains for a long period of time?

Biodiversity

Limiting factor

Carrying capcity
 Pre-Assessment

Which is not a result of cutting down trees?

flood

Soil erosion

eutrophication
 Pre-Assessment

Whichhas
Which factor is anot a result to
tendency ofincrease
cutting down trees?density?
population

Limited food supply and diseases

Limited space and higher birth rate

Higher death rate due to calamity

eutrophication
 Pre-Assessment

Which is not a result of cutting down trees?

flood

Soil erosion

eutrophication
Analyze the given picture. Is there any imbalance of biodiversity? What are the
reasons?

CUSTOMER
ORGANISM
• an individual form of life that is capable of growing and
reproducing, and have one or more cells.of life in an
area

POPULATION
• Any group of same species that
interact with each other in a
particular area.
COMMUNITY
• Different population of species
interact with each other in an
ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM
• A community of living organism
interacting with each other and
their non-living environment.
 BIODIVERSITY • Variety of life in an area

BIODIVERSITY INDEX Total no. of species

• Is a scale of the diversity of plant
and animals ina given area. Total no. of living things

Total no.

Total no.
of
species 2
of
3 Total no.
species
Total no.
of living
things 9
of living
things 6 5
15
BIODIVERSITY INDEX = 0.5
LIMITING FACTOR
• A condition that keeps a
population from over
increasing in size and helps
balance ecosystem.
• Usually described as lack of
particular resources like
availability of food, water
and space.
CARRYING CAPACITY
• A maximum number of
individual that can occupy a
particular habitat.
• If the carrying capacity
reaches its maximum point,
the organism in the area
will die because not all
needs can be met.
ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THESE ANIMALS?
1 2 3
THREATENED SPECIES
• Are those species that are most
likely at risk of becoming
endangered in the future.
ENDANGERED
SPECIES
• Are those wherein their
population is low that it is
nearly extinct.

EXTINCT SPECIES
• Are those species in which the
last member died.
 THREATENED SPECIES

Tiger beetles
(Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of
Northern Mindanao region
(Philippines)

Palawan fruit bat (Acerodon

leucotis), also known as
the Palawan flying fox, is a species
of megabat found in forests of 
Palawan, Philippines.
WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THESE PICTURES?

FOREST CITY
ENDANGERED SPECIES
EXTINCT SPECIES
WHAT CAUSES
EXTINCTION?
1. CLIMATE CHANGE 2. ACID PRECIPITATION
• The sudden changes in the • Wet and dry deposition and dry deposition
containing higher than normal amounts of
earths temperature nitric and sulfuric acid.
3. DISEASES / EPIDEMIC
Infectious diseases or virulent
infectious diseases cause the change
in biological population.

4. METEORIC IMPACT/
COSMIC RADIATION
Extinction happens when a massive
asteroid or meteor hits the surface of
the earth.
5. THE SPREAD OF INVASIVE SPECIES
(lets watch (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXpsHGaWL-I)
It can change the abundance of diversity or the food web in an ecosystem
by destroying and replacing its natural value and number.
6. POLUTION
Presence of contaminants in
air, water or land.
6.1 AIR POLLUTION
• It refers to the pollutant release into the air that includes car emission,
dust, or chemical released by factories that maybe suspended as
particles that is dangerous to human health and to the planet.
Examples:
• Carbon Dioxide- a gas capable of holding/trapping the heat that must
be radiated back into the space.
• Greenhouse effect- is a natural process but if too much greenhouse
gases are trapping the heat could lead to global warming.
• Global Warming- refers to increase in the earth’s global emperature that
can change climate patterns.
6.2 WATER POLLUTION
• Eutrophication is when a body of
water becomes overly enriched
with minerals and nutrients which
induce excessive growth of algae.
This process may result in oxygen
depletion of the water body after
the bacterial degradation of the
algae.
6. 3 DESTRUCTION OF
COASTAL RESOSURCES
• Cause by dynamite
fishing ,
overharvesting and
conversion of area
into other uses.
7. DEFORESTATION
 refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for
other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining
activities.
Examples:
• Kaingin Farming- means clearing by the cutting down and burning of
trees and plant growth in an area for cultivation purposes.
• Illegal Logging-  is the harvesting of wood that is in violation of national
regulations. 
• Forest fire- Wildfire, also called forest, bush or vegetation fire, can be
described as any uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion or
burning of plants in a natural setting
• Typhoon- is an intense area of low atmospheric pressure.
 QUIZ

1. Which situation illustrates the relationship between a limiting factor and

population density?

a. When the population of goats and cows in a field increases rapidly, there
may not be enough food each of them.

b. When birth rate is greater than death rate, population increases.

c. When birth rate is greater than death rate, population increases.

 2. BIODIVERSITY INDEX
• Is a scale of the diversity of plant Total no. of species
and animals in a given area.
Total no. of living things

Total no.
of
species 8
Total no.
of living
things 24

BIODIVERSITY INDEX =0.33

 QUIZ

3. How does the destruction of coral reefs and mangrove forest lead to
species extinctions?

a. Amount of dissolve oxygen increases

b. Breeding grounds and nurseries of marine species are destroyed

c. The ocean and seas become contaminated with heavy metals and
plastics.
 QUIZ

4. Which pertains to organism that existed in the past but no longer existing
in the present time?

a. Exotic

b. Extinct

c. Endemic
 QUIZ

5. How do deforestation building of dams, conversion of forest to

agricultural lands and urbans development could cause extinction?

a. They pollute the environment causing species to die.

b. They cause widespread of disease.

c. They trigger calamities to occur.

 QUIZ

6. Which of the following causes extinction directly brought about by human

activity?

a. Overharvesting

b. Cosmic radiation

c. Volcanic eruption
 QUIZ

7. What Tarsier, tamaraw and Philippine eagle have in common?

a. They are all extinct

b. They are all sea creatures

c. They are all endangered species.

 QUIZ

8. Which pertains to the largest number of individual in a species that an

environment sustains for a long period of time?

a. Biodiversity

b. Limiting factor

c. Carrying capcity
 QUIZ

9. Which is not a result of cutting down trees?

a. flood

b. Soil erosion

c. eutrophication
 QUIZ

10. WhichWhich
factor is
hasnot a result oftocutting
a tendency down
increase trees? density?
population

a. Limited food supply and diseases

b. Limited space and higher birth rate

c. Higher death rate due to calamity

eutrophication
 ASYNCHRONOUS
Make a multimedia presentation of a
timeline of extinction of representative
microorganisms, plants, and animals.