THEORY OF MACHINES MEMB263/MEMB2044

Theory
of

SO, WHAT IS TOM AND WHY Machines

LEARN IT ?
As a Mechanical Engineer, most
likely you are required to design a
Machine !!

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 Theory
of

SO, WHAT IS Machines

MACHINE ?
A Machine is a system made of
components linked together to
Image source: http://www.movinggraphics.ca/600x450/Car-RWD-Front-Effect-A3.jpg perform a desired task.

Machines are devices used to

alter, transmit and direct forces
to accomplish a specific
objective
 Theory
of

SO, WHAT IS MACHINE & Machines

MECHANISM ?
Components of machines are
divided sub-groups called
Mechanisms, each is
designated for a specific sub-
task.

A mechanism is the
mechanical portion of a
machine that has a function
of transferring motion and
Image source:
https://d2t1xqejof9utc.cloudfront.net/scre
enshots/pics/4a9ae8a3d2a9cda261a72731
26679866/large.JPG

forces from a power source to Image source:

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b0DKNIQFuzg/
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maxresdefault.jpg
SO, WHAT IS MACHINE &
MECHANISM ?
A mechanism is also called for a single system to transfer or transform
motion that consist of several linkages.
 Mobility = 0  Rigid object
Mobility = 1  all links and joints move in unison (as one unit)

SO, WHAT IS TOM?

Mobility > 1  2 or more groups of pins/joints can move
independently from other groups

If DoF > 0, it’s a mechanism

If DoF = 0, it’s a structure
If DoF < 0. it’s a preloaded structure (will
TOM is the study of mechanisms and have built in stresses with manufacturing error)
linkages
4-bar Crank-Rocker 4-bar Crank-
Flexibility Slider
 How are machine components are linked
together?
 How flexible (or not) mechanisms are?
Kinematics
 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Analysis.
Dynamics
 Transmission of Force, Torque, and Power
Other issues
 Stability, Balance, Special components Flywheel and
(Cams, Flywheels, etc.) Balancing
6 analysis
 Theory
of
Machines

EXPECTATIONS
-This subject is highly analytical, therefore you are expected to be familiar with the
following:

 Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics

 Mathematics: Algebra, Matrix Operations, etc.

 Drafting: Ability to use drawing/sketching tools (Compass, rulers, etc.)
 Physics: Unit systems (Metric & Imperial)

 Computer: Basic knowledge of operating computers, CAD/CAE software

No refresher will be offered !!

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 Theory
of

TOM & DESIGN : A BIRD’S EYE Machines

VIEW
Eng. Graphics

Capstone
Statics Dynamics TOM M/c Dsg. MDP

FYP

MOM

1st YEAR 2nd YEAR 3rd YEAR 4th YEAR

 DESIGN: AN MEMB263
INTRODUCTION
 Theory
of
Machines

DESIGN IS….
o … to come up with solution …
o Engineering design: “… the process of applying various techniques/scientific
principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or a system in sufficient
detail to permit its realization…”
o may be simple/complex, easy/difficult, mathematical/nonmathematical, may
involve trivial problem/of great importance
o Unstructured problem
o Iterative
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o the problem statement

o e.g.
 The traditional dehusking process is time
consuming also involves the risk of the
laborers getting injured as well as
Labour fatigue which will contribute to
low productivity
 THE DESIGN PROCESS t ion
d h ic a i on
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ear c
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on d e n t
c e nd sign &
ti un m a n a e ng on
c a r o t e m on dd pi i
n tifi c kg
a l sta r f or e a ti
l y sis c t ion t ai le toty
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Ide Ba Go Pe Id
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Pr o

o finding relevant
information
o to “Google”
o benchmarking –
“analyzing competitors’
product/process”
o patent search
o technical publication,
conference, journals,
etc.
oetc. etc.
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o Design a Coconut dehusking devices which are capable of

improving production and efficiently eliminate injuries to
operators
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o what the system/device/process must do

o to define the problem in as complete & as general as possible, can serve as
a definition of what to be accomplished
oe.g. “Design a Coconut dehusking devices ”
 device to have self-contained power supply
 device to cost less than RM100.00
 device to be corrosion resistance
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o where the “actual design” begins

o idea generation stage
o brainstorming
o to generate a large number of ideas as possible
o can adopt different methods….
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o the analysis phase of the design process

o to check/prove that the design should work DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS
POSITION ANALYSIS
(theoretically) VELOCITY ANALYSIS
STATIC FAILURE

o many different types of analysis may be FATIGUE FAILURE

ACCELERATION ANALYSIS
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
required DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
o further iteration on the design will be required DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

o optimizing the design

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o to choose the best available design

o may use methods such as Decision Matrix
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o creating a complete set of

assembly and detailed drawings
o usually would use CAD/CAE
software
o to be used to
produce/fabricate prototype test
model
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o prototype physical model for testing

o prototype can be of many forms
 working scale model
 full-size simplified, representation of concept
 Full-size, fully working
o Testing: from simply actuating & observation to
more complex e.g. using instruments to measure
velocity, force, temperature etc.
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o the final stage -- should not be

any flaw in the design at this
stage
o engineering approach:
thoroughness, attention to detail
& consideration of all the
possibilities
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Class exercise:
Coconut shake is becoming a popular drinks lately. Extracting the water and
flesh from young coconut is often tedious and time consuming. Come up
with a means to assist in this process.
SUMMARY MEMB263
 Theory
of
Machines

WHAT YOU MUST DO THIS WEEK

-Find the TOM Brighten Page

-Find the text book / E-Book

 Robert L. Norton, Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, 6th ed. in SI
units (2020), McGraw Hill.

-Refresh your Memory/Knowledge

-Be excited for next week!

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END OF CHAPTER 1 THANK YOU !