Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In The Name of Allah The Most Gracious The Most Merciful
In The Name of Allah The Most Gracious The Most Merciful
CE-UG-2020
Spring FEB-JUN 2022
Ammara Mubeen
ammara@nice.nust.edu.pk
Assistant Professor
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 251)
COURSE OUTLINE
FLUID MECHANICS – I (CE- 252)
COURSE OUTLINE
Theory 2
Practical 1
FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 252)
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Distribution Contribution in Grading
Theory (67%)
4 x Assignments 05% 3.3
5 x Quiz (Un
10% 6.6
announced/Announced)
2 x One Hrs Test 35% 23.1
1 x Final Exam 50% 34.0
Practical (33%)
3 x Quiz (Announced) 50% 16.5
DETAILED SYLLABUS
Prerequisites
Lecture Plan
•Bernouli Equation
•Energy Equation
•Fluid Properties
•Dimensional Analysis
Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits Lecture
Course Outline 1
Laminar & Turbulent flow 1
Critical Reynold’s Number 1
Hydraulic radius, Hydraulic diameter 1
Friction Head loss in Conduits of Constant Cross Section 1
Friction in Circular conduits 2
Friction in Non circular conduits 2
Laminar Flow in circular pipes 2
Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow 2
Turbulent Flow 3
Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow 3
Velocity profile in Turbulent flow 4
Pipe roughness 4
Chart for friction factor 4
Single pipe flow: Solution Basics 5
Single pipe flow: Solution by trials 5
Single pipe flow: Direct solution 6
Empirical equations for single pipe flow 6
Non rigorous head loss equations 6
Chapter 8 Minor losses in Turbulent flow 7
Loss of head at entrance Prerequisites 7
Loss of head at submerged Discharge •Bernouli Equation
7
Loss due to contraction 7
Loss due to expansion
•Energy Equation7
Loss in pipefitting •Fluid Properties
7
Loss in bends and elbows •Continuity Equation
7
Single pipe flow with minor losses 8
Pipeline with pump or turbine 8
Branching pipes/ The three reservoir Problem 9
Pipes in series 9
Pipes in parallel 10
Pipe networks 10
REFERENCES
Streeter, Wylie, Bedford “Fluid Mechanics” Ninth Edition
Dr Andrew Sleigh “An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”
May 2001 (School of Civil Engineering, University of
Leeds)
R E. Featherstone “Civil Engineering Hydraulics” Third
Edition
Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits
Chapter-8
“Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications” by E John
Finnemore and Joseph B Franzini. 10th Edition.
Laminar flow
Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the
fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The
shear stress is governed by Newton’s law of viscosity
du
dy
In general the shear stress is almost impossible to
measure. But for laminar flow it is possible to
calculate the theoretical value for a given velocity,
fluid and the appropriate geometrical shape.
13
Turbulent flow
This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering
practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this
type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.
Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of
laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:
dU
la min ar turbulent
dy
14
Head Loss in Pipes due to Friction
The head loss due to friction in a
given length of pipe is proportional
to mean velocity of flow (V) as
long as the flow in laminar. i.e.,
H f V
H f V n
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75 for
smooth wall pipe
15
CRITICAL REYNOLD’s NUMBER
R = 2000
crit
If R < 2000 -> Laminar Flow
If R > 2000 -> Turbulent Flow
Though the experimenters have maintained
laminar flow in circular pipes upto values
of R as high as 50,000, but the type of flow
in such cases is inherently unstable and the
least disturbance will transform it instantly
into turbulent flow
It is practically impossible for turbulent
flow in a straight pipe to persist at values
of ‘R’ much below 2000
The low value is thus much more definite
than the higher one and is real dividing
point between the two types of flow
Lower Value -> true critical Reynold’s
Number
Practice
Sample Problem 8.1: In refinery oil (s= 0.85, v = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows
through a 100 mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
Ex. 8.2.1: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft2/sec is flowing through a
3-in diameter pipe. Below which velocity will the flow be laminar?
Ex. 8.2.3: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft2/sec is flowing through a 4-
in diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
18
Steady Flow Through Pipes
Hydraulic Radius (Rh) or Hydraulic Area A
Rh
Diameter: It is the ratio of area of flow to wetted perimeter P
wetted perimeter of a channel or pipe
Rh
A / 4D 2
D
A
B
BD
P D 4 Rh
P B 2D
D 4 Rh
z 2 z1
sin
L
Figure: Schematic diagram of conduit
P1 A W sin o PL P2 A 0
z z
P1 A P2 A AL 2 1 o PL 0
22 L
Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
cross-section
24
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF
CONSTANT CROSS SECTION
Repeating
Variables
П2 =φ(П1)
Parameter Dimensions
τo ML-1T-2
μ ML-1T-1
ρ ML-3
Rh L
V LT-1
For π1:
26
27
Determining Shear Stress
Now substituting the equation of avg. shear stress in equation of head loss,
C f V 2 L C fV 2L
hf
2Rh 2 gRh o C f V 2 / 2
oL
For circular pipe flows, Rh=D/4 hf
Rh
4C f V 2 L L V2 L V2
hf 4C f f
2 g 4D D 2g D 2g
𝐿 𝑉2
Circular Pipe ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
Flowing full 𝐷 2𝑔
(Laminar or
turbulent flow) ℎ𝑓 𝑓 𝑉2
=𝑆=
𝐿 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑓 = 8𝜃φሺ𝑅ሻ
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
4 2 4 2𝑔