Reservoir Engineering I

Prepared by
Dr. Luis E. Zerpa
Colorado School of Mines
5. Water Influx
Module Outline

5.1 Definition and classification of aquifers

5.2 Steady-state models
5.3 Unsteady-state models
5.4 Pseudosteady-state models

4
Student Learning Outcomes

 Identify appropriate methods for estimation of water influx volume

 Apply engineering methods to estimate water influx in natural water
drive reservoirs

5
5.1 Definition and classification of
aquifers
Water influx from aquifer
 Nearly all hydrocarbon reservoirs are surrounded by water-bearing rocks called
aquifers
 These aquifers may be substantially larger than the oil or gas reservoirs they adjoin
as to appear infinite in size, or they may be so small in size as to be negligible in their
effect on reservoir performance
 As reservoir fluids are produced and reservoir pressure declines, a pressure
differential develops from the surrounding aquifer into the reservoir
 Following the basic law of fluid flow in porous media, the aquifer reacts by
encroaching across the original hydrocarbon-water contact
 In some cases, water encroachment occurs due to hydrodynamic conditions and
recharge of the formation by surface waters at an outcrop

7
Water influx from aquifer
 In many cases, the pore volume of the aquifer is not significantly larger
than the pore volume of the reservoir
 The expansion of the water in the aquifer is negligible relative to the overall
energy system, and the reservoir behaves volumetrically
 In this case, the effects of water influx can be ignored
 In other cases, the aquifer permeability may be sufficiently low such
that a very large pressure differential is required before an appreciable
amount of water can encroach into the reservoir
 In this instance, the effects of water influx can be ignored as well

8
Classification of aquifers
 Many gas and oil reservoirs produced by a mechanism termed water drive
 Often this is called natural water drive to distinguish it from artificial water drive that
involves the injection of water into the formation
 Hydrocarbon production from the reservoir and the subsequent pressure drop prompt a
response from the aquifer to offset the pressure decline
 This response comes in a form of water influx, commonly called water encroachment,
which is attributed to:
 Expansion of the water in the aquifer
 Compressibility of the aquifer rock
 Artesian flow where the water-bearing formation outcrop is located structurally higher than the pay
zone

9
Reservoir-aquifer systems are commonly classified based on:

 Degree of pressure maintenance  Flow regimes

 Active water drive  Steady-state flow
 Partial water drive  Unsteady-state flow
 Limited water drive  Pseudosteady-state flow

 Outer boundary conditions  Flow geometries:

 Infinite aquifer  Edge-water drive
 Finite aquifer  Bottom-water drive
 Linear-water drive
10
Based on the degree of the reservoir pressure maintenance provided
by the aquifer, the natural water drive is often qualitatively described
as:

 Active water drive

 Partial water drive
 Limited water drive

11
Active water drive
 The term active water drive refers to the water encroachment mechanism in which
the rate of water influx equals the reservoir total production rate
 Active water-drive reservoirs are typically characterized by a gradual and slow
reservoir pressure decline
 If, during any long period, the production rate and reservoir pressure remain
reasonably constant, the reservoir voidage rate must be equal to the water influx
rate

[ water influx rate ]= [ oil flow rate ] + [ free gas flow rate ] +[ water production rate]

12
Outer boundary conditions

 The aquifer can be classified as infinite or finite (bounded)

 Geologically all formations are finite, but may act as infinite if the changes in
the pressure at the oil-water contact are not “felt” at the aquifer boundary
 Some aquifers outcrop and are infinite acting because of surface replenishment
 In general, the outer boundary governs the behavior of the aquifer
 Infinite system indicates that the effect of the pressure changes at the oil/aquifer
boundary can never be felt at the outer boundary. This boundary is for all intents and
purposes at a constant pressure equal to initial reservoir pressure
 Finite system indicates that the aquifer outer limit is affected by the influx into the oil
zone and that the pressure at this outer limit changes with time

13
The type of outer boundary defines the behavior of the aquifer

 Infinite aquifer: changes in pressure

at the reservoir-water contact are rR
p(rR, t)
not felt at the aquifer boundary
 p(raq, t) = pi raq
 Aquifer recharge by surface water at p(raq, t)
an outcrop

 Finite aquifer: outer limit is affected

by influx into oil zone
 Pressure at boundary changes with time

14
Flow regimes
 There are basically three types of flow regimes that must be recognized
in order to describe the fluid flow behavior and reservoir pressure
distribution as a function of time. There are three flow regimes:
 Steady-state flow
 Unsteady-state flow
 Pseudosteady-state flow

15
Steady-state flow
 The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the pressure at every
location in the reservoir remains constant, i.e., does not change with time
 Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:

( )
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑡 𝑖
=0

 The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p with respect to
time t at any location i is zero
 In reservoirs, the steady-state flow condition can only occur when the reservoir
is completely recharged and supported by strong aquifer or pressure
maintenance operations

16
Unsteady-state flow
 The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as
the fluid flowing condition at which the rate of change of pressure with
respect to time at any position in the reservoir is not zero or constant
 This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to
time is essentially a function of both position i and time t

( )
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑓 ( 𝑖 ,𝑡 )

17
Pseudosteady-State Flow
 When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining
linearly as a function of time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the
flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteady-state flow
 Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change of
pressure with respect to time at every position is constant

( )
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑡 𝑖
=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

18
Schematic comparison of the pressure declines as a function of time of the three flow
regimes

19
Flow geometries
 Reservoir-aquifer systems can be classified on the basis of flow geometry as: 
1. Edge-water drive: water moves into the flanks of the reservoir as a result of
hydrocarbon production and pressure drop at the reservoir-aquifer boundary.
The flow is essentially radial with negligible flow in the vertical direction
2. Bottom-water drive: occurs in reservoirs with large areal extent and gentle dip
where the reservoir-water contact completely underlies the reservoir. The flow
is essentially radial and, in contrast to the edge-water drive, the bottom-water
drive has significant vertical flow
3. Linear-water drive: the influx is from one flank of the reservoir. The flow is
strictly linear with a constant cross-sectional area

20
 Edge-water drive
Flow geometry

 Edge-water drive: water moves into

flanks of reservoir, flow is radial flow Bottom-water drive

 Bottom-water drive: reservoir-water

contact underlies the reservoir, flow is
radial with significant vertical flow

 Linear-water drive: influx from one Linear-water drive

flank of the reservoir, linear flow Oil

through a constant cross-sectional area Aquifer

21
Recognition of natural water influx

 Normally very little information is obtained during the exploration-development period of a

reservoir concerning the presence or characteristics of an aquifer that could provide a
source of water influx during the depletion period
 Natural water drive may be assumed by analogy with nearby producing reservoirs, but early
reservoir performance trends can provide clues
 A comparatively low, and decreasing, rate of reservoir pressure decline with increasing
cumulative withdrawals is indicative of fluid influx
 If the reservoir limits have not been delineated by developed dry holes, the influx could be
from an undeveloped area of the reservoir not accounted for in averaging reservoir pressure
 If the reservoir pressure is below the oil saturation pressure, a low rate of increase in
produced gas-oil ratio is also indicative of fluid influx

22
Recognition of natural water influx

 Early water production from edge wells is indicative of water

encroachment
 Such observations must be tempered by the possibility that the early
water production is due to formation fractures; thin, high
permeability streaks; or to coning in connection with a limited
aquifer
 Calculation of increasing original oil-in-place from successive
reservoir pressure surveys by using the material balance assuming no
water influx is also indicative of fluid influx

23
Water influx models
 In reservoir engineering there are more uncertainties attached to estimating water influx volumes than
to any other subject
 This is because we do not drill wells into an aquifer to gain the necessary information about the porosity,
permeability, thickness and fluid properties
 Instead, these properties frequently have to be inferred from what has been observed in the reservoir
 Even more uncertain is the geometry and areal continuity of the aquifer
 Several models have been developed for estimating water influx, based on assumptions of the
characteristics of the aquifer
 Due to the inherent uncertainties, all of the proposed models require historical reservoir performance
data to evaluate constants representing aquifer property parameters
 The material balance equation can be used to determine historical water influx provided original oil-in-
place is known from pore volume estimates
 This permits evaluation of the constants in the influx equations so that future water influx rate can be
forecasted

24
To apply material balance to estimate OOIP and OGIP we must
determine volume of water influx from aquifer

 Methods to determine aquifer influx:

1. Schilthuis steady-state method

2. van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state method

3. Carter-Tracy unsteady-state method

4. Fetkovich pseudosteady-state method

 Volume of aquifer influx depends on:

 Aquifer size
 Pressure drop from the aquifer into the reservoir

25
5.2 Steady-state model
Schilthuis’ Steady-State model
 Schilthuis (1936) proposed that for an aquifer that is flowing under the steady-state flow
regime, the flow behavior could be described by Darcy’s equation.
 The rate of water influx can then be determined by applying Darcy’s equation:

[ ]
𝑑𝑊 𝑒 0.00708 𝑘h
= (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝)

( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑟𝑎
𝜇 𝑤 ln
𝑟𝑒

 Since the parameters in enclosed in the square brackets are unknown, this equation is
simplified by using a water influx constant
 This water influx constant may be calculated from the reservoir historical production data
over a number of selected time intervals, provided that the rate of water influx has been
determined independently from a different expression

27
 Schilthuis Steady-State Method (dp/dt = 0)
Assumes rate of water influx proportional to
pressure drawdown, Dp = pi – p
We: cumulative water influx (RB)
p: pressure at original oil-water
contact (psia)
pi: initial pressure (psia)

k’: Schilthuis’ water influx

Integrating, constant, [RB/(day.psi)]

If k’ can be determined, then We can be determined from the knowledge of

reservoir pressure history

28
 Schilthuis Steady-State Method (dp/dt = 0)
 k’ can be determined from reservoir pressure and production data, using the following two
approaches:
2. If Nfoi and Gfgi are not known, use production
1. If Nfoi and Gfgi are known from data corresponding to a period when the
volumetrics, We can be obtained reservoir pressure remains relatively constant
using the MBE:

Plotting,

For p > pb
k’ is the slope of the plot

Then,

29
 Example: Schilthuis steady-state method
1.- Calculate the Schilthuis' water influx constant, k’, for a field with properties and
production data given in the table. Pressure is maintained above bubble point as a result of
aquifer influx support.
- Water influx rate:
Table - Properties and production data
Initial pressure, at t = 0 (psia) 3200
Current pressure, at t = 100 days (psia) 2850
Oil production rate (STB/D) 5000
Water production rate (STB/D) 1000 Текст слайда
Bo at current pressure (RB/STB) 1.45
Bw at current pressure (RB) 1.02

2.- Predict the future volume of water influx

at t = 200 days, when the pressure at the
OWC is 2600 psia

30
5.3 Unsteady-state model
The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State Model
 The mathematical formulations that describe the flow of crude oil system into a
wellbore are identical in form to those equations that describe the flow of water from
an aquifer into a cylindrical reservoir
 When an oil well is brought on production at a constant flow rate after a shut-in period,
the pressure behavior is controlled by the transient flowing condition
 This flowing condition is defined as the time period during which the boundary has no
effect on the pressure behavior
 The dimensionless form of the diffusivity equation is the general mathematical
equation that is designed to model the transient flow behavior in reservoirs or aquifers
 In a dimensionless form, the2 diffusivity equation takes the form:
𝜕 𝑃𝐷 1 𝜕 𝑃𝐷 𝜕 𝑃𝐷
+ =
2
𝜕𝑟 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷 𝜕 𝑟 𝐷 𝜕𝑡 𝐷
32
The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State Model
 Van Everdingen and Hurst (1949) proposed solutions to the
dimensionless diffusivity equation
 For the constant-terminal-pressure boundary condition, a boundary
pressure drop is assumed constant over some finite time period, and
the water influx rate is determined
 Van Everdingen and Hurst solved the diffusivity equation for the
aquifer-reservoir system by applying the Laplace transformation to the
equation

33
The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State Model
 Using an idealized radial flow system that
represents an edge-water-drive reservoir
 The inner boundary is the interface between
reservoir and aquifer
 The flow across this inner boundary is
considered horizontal and encroachment
occurs across a cylindrical plane encircling the
reservoir
 With the interface as the inner boundary, it is
possible to impose a constant terminal
pressure at the inner boundary and determine
the rate of water influx across the interface

34
The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State Model
 Van Everdingen and Hurst proposed a solution to the dimensionless
diffusivity equation that uses the constant terminal pressure condition
in addition to the following initial and outer boundary conditions:
 Initial conditions: p = pi for all values of radius r
 Outer boundary conditions:
 For infinite aquifer: p = pi at r = ∞

𝜕𝑝
=0 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 =𝑟 𝑎
 For a bounded aquifer: 𝜕𝑟

35
van Everdingen and Hurst (VEH) Unsteady-State Method
 Assumptions:
 Aquifer properties are homogeneous and constant
 Fluid is slightly compressible
 Reservoir and aquifer are assumed cylindrical in shape

 The water influx is expressed in a dimensionless form that is called dimensionless

water influx WeD
 They also expressed the dimensionless water influx as a function of the
dimensionless time tDR and dimensionless radius raqD, thus they made the solution to
the diffusivity equation generalized and applicable to any aquifer where the flow of
water into the reservoir is essentially radial

36
van Everdingen and Hurst (VEH) Unsteady-State Method
 The aquifer influx is,
raq: aquifer outer-boundary radius, ft

rR: reservoir outer-boundary radius, ft

 The dimensionless water k: permeability of aquifer, md
encroachment from aquifer,
h: thickness, ft
p: pressure, psia
m: water viscosity, cp
t j: time that Dpj have been active = t – tj-1,
 The aquifer constant is a function hours
of aquifer size and geometry,
ct : total compressibility, 1/psi

q: angle subtended by pie-shaped

cylindrical reservoir, angles (360º full
circle, 180º half circle)
 Because

37
The dimensionless water encroachment from aquifer, WeD, is usually obtained
from tabulated values, but we can use the following approximations

Infinite aquifer
(reD = ∞ or tDR < ¼ raqD2) Finite aquifer
(tDR > ¼ raqD2)

 For 0.01 < tDR < 200 and tDR < ¼ raqD2  For long times

 For finite aquifer, the water

influx has become constant at
 For 200 < tDR < ¼ raqD2 long times
 Water has ceased to flow from
aquifer because pressure has
been depleted to the specified
reservoir pressure

38
van Everdingen and Hurst (VEH) Unsteady-State Method

 Since the assumption of constant reservoir

pressure is not true
 Reservoir pressure decreases with time during
production

 Aquifer influx is usually insuficient to keep the

reservoir pressure constant

 The pressure decline can be approximated

by a series of constant pressure steps
 Pressure changes, Dpj, are
calculated as
 The principle of superposition is used to
combine the constant pressure solutions to For j ≥ 3

obtain the aquifer influx

39
 The superposition theorem states that any sum of individual solutions to
the diffusivity equation is also a solution to that equation

pi
p1
 If boundary pressure is reduced at time t1
p2
from pi to p1, a pressure drop of (pi – p1) will p3
be imposed across the aquifer

 Water will continue to expand and a

pressure wave will move outward into the
aquifer
 This new pressure will cause water expansion and
 If at time t2, a second pressure p2 is imposed encroachment into reservoir
at the boundary, a new pressure wave will
begin moving outward into the aquifer
 This second pressure wave will be moving behind
the first pressure wave

 The pressure waves are independent of each

other

40
Illustration of the superposition concept

41
Example: van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state method
1.- Calculate the aquifer influx of an oil field assuming that the aquifer is infinite-acting.
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532
 Area of the reservoir
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Reservoir temperature (ºF) 156  Radius of the reservoir
Bubble point pressure
737
(psia)
OOIP (MMSTB) 48.75  Aquifer constant
Rsi (scf/STB) 112
Текст слайда
Boi (RB/STB) 1.078
Bob (RB/STB) 1.094
 Dimensionless time
Swi 0.48
Rock compressibility
4.00E-06  Dimensionless water encroachment
(1/psi)
Water compressibility
3.00E-06
(1/psi)
Average porosity 0.177
Average permeability (md) 432
Average thickness (ft) 31.8
Bulk volume (acre-ft) 73590  Aquifer influx
Water viscosity (cp) 0.38
Initial oil viscosity (cp) 1.02 42
Example: van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state method
1.- Calculate the aquifer influx of an oil field assuming that the aquifer is infinite-acting.
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532  Area of the reservoir
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Reservoir temperature (ºF) 156
 Radius of the reservoir
Bubble point pressure
737
(psia)
OOIP (MMSTB) 48.75  Aquifer constant
Rsi (scf/STB) 112
Boi (RB/STB) 1.078
Bob (RB/STB) 1.094  Dimensionless time
Swi 0.48
Rock compressibility (1/psi) 4.00E-06  Dimensionless water encroachment
Water compressibility
3.00E-06
(1/psi)
Average porosity 0.177
Average permeability (md) 432
Average thickness (ft) 31.8  Aquifer influx
Bulk volume (acre-ft) 73590
Water viscosity (cp) 0.38
Initial oil viscosity (cp) 1.02
43
Example: van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state method
2.- Calculate the aquifer influx for a second pressure data point using the principle of
superposition
 Dimensionless water encroachment
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Pressure at 8784 hrs (psia) 2496

 Aquifer constant

 Dimensionless time

 Aquifer influx

44
Example: van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady-state method
2.- Calculate the aquifer influx for a second pressure data point using the principle of
superposition
 Dimensionless water encroachment
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Pressure at 8784 hrs (psia) 2496

 Aquifer constant Текст слайда

 Dimensionless time

 Aquifer influx

45
The Carter-Tracy Unsteady-State Model
 Van Everdingen-Hurst methodology provides the exact solution to the radial diffusivity
equation and therefore is considered the correct technique for calculating water influx
 However, because superposition of solutions is required, their method involves tedious
calculations
 To reduce the complexity of water influx calculations, Carter and Tracy (1960) proposed
a calculation technique that does not require superposition and allows direct calculation
of water influx
 The Carter-Tracy method assumes constant water influx rates over each finite time
interval
 This method is not an exact solution to the diffusivity equation and should be
considered an approximation

46
The Carter-Tracy Unsteady-State Model
 The cumulative water influx at any time, tn, can be calculated from the
previous value obtained at time tn-1,

where B is the van Everdingen-Hurst water influx constant; is the

dimensionless time, refers to current time step, refers to previous time
step, is the total pressure drop (), is dimensionless pressure, and is the
dimensionless pressure derivative

47
The Carter-Tracy Unsteady-State Model
 Values of dimensionless pressure as a function of and can be found in
tables, but we can use the following approximations
 Dimensionless pressure for infinite-acting aquifer (Edwardson et al.,
1962):

 The corresponding dimensionless pressure derivative is,

Where,

48
The Carter-Tracy Unsteady-State Model
 The following approximation for the dimensionless pressure () could
also be used for

With the derivative given by,

49
 Example: Carter-Tracy unsteady-state method
 Calculate the water influx at the end of 6, 1, 18 and 24 months into a circular reservoir with an
aquifer of infinite extent. The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2,500 and 2,490 psi,
respectively

Property Reservoir Aquifer The predicted reservoir boundary pressure at the

end of each specified time period
Radius, ft 2000 infinite
Thickness (h), ft 20 25 Time, months Boundary pressure, psi
Permeability (k), md 50 100 0 2500
Porosity () 0.15 0.20 6 2490
Water viscosity (), cp 0.5 0.8 12 2472
Water comp. (), 1/psi 18 2444
Rock comp. (), 1/psi 24 2408

50
Example: Carter-Tracy unsteady-state method
 Calculate the water influx at the end of 6, 1, 18 and 24 months into a circular reservoir with an
aquifer of infinite extent. The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2,500 and 2,490 psi,
respectively
 The water influx constant is,

1. For each time step , calculate the total pressure drop, , and the corresponding dimensionless time

n t, days
0 0 2500 0 0
1 182.5 2490 10 180.5
2 365.0 2472 28 361.0
3 547.5 2444 56 541.5
4 730.0 2408 92 722.0

51
Example: Carter-Tracy unsteady-state method
 Calculate the water influx at the end of 6, 1, 18 and 24 months into a circular reservoir with an
aquifer of infinite extent. The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2,500 and 2,490 psi,
respectively
2. Since the values of are greater than 100,

n t, days
0 0 0 - -
1 182.5 180.5 3.002
2 365.0 361.0 3.349
3 547.5 541.5 3.552
4 730.0 722.0 3.696

52
Example: Carter-Tracy unsteady-state method
 Calculate the water influx at the end of 6, 1, 18 and 24 months into a circular reservoir with an
aquifer of infinite extent. The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2,500 and 2,490 psi,
respectively
2. Calculate cumulative water influx:

Time, months , bbl

0 0
 The solution can be improved by decreasing the time
6 12,266
step used in performing the calculations
12 42,546
18 104,400
24 202,477

53
5.4 Pseudosteady-state model
Fetkovich Pseudosteady-state method
 Fetkovich (1971) developed a method to estimate water influx behavior of a
finite aquifer for radial and linear geometries
 In many cases, the results of this model closely match those determined
using the van Everdingen-Hurst approach
 The Fetkovich theory is much simpler, and this method does not require the
use of superposition
 Hence, the application is much easier, and this method is also often utilized in
numerical simulation models
 Fetkovich’s model is based on the productivity index concept will adequately
describe water influx from a finite aquifer into a hydrocarbon reservoir
55
Fetkovich Pseudosteady-state method
 That is, the water influx rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop
between the average aquifer pressure and the pressure at the
reservoir/aquifer boundary
 The method neglects the effects of any transient period
 Thus, in cases where pressures are changing rapidly at the aquifer/reservoir
interface, results may differ from the more rigorous van Everdingen-Hurst
method
 In many cases, however, pressure changes at the waterfront are gradual
and this method offers an excellent approximation to the two methods
discussed above
56
 Fetkovich Pseudosteady-State Method

 Assumptions:
 Aquifer size is known
 Water that flow from the aquifer depletes the pressure according to the material-
balance equation

Wei: initial volume of water in aquifer, bbl

ct: total compressibility, 1/psi
: average aquifer pressure, psia
q: angle subtended by pie-shaped
cylindrical reservoir, angles (360º full
circle, 180º half circle)

 Because pseudosteady-state is assumed, a finite aquifer size must be specified

57
 Steps of the Fetkovich Pseudosteady-State Method
1. Calculate the initial encroachable water, 4. Calculate the water influx during the time
Wei, in the aquifer interval

5. Calculate the total cumulative aquifer

2. Calculate the productivity index, J, for flow influx at the current time
from the aquifer to the reservoir

3. Calculate average reservoir pressure for 6. Calculate the average pressure in the
a given time interval, n aquifer at the conclusion of the current
time step

7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for next time interval

58
Productivity index, J, for Fetkovich method
Type of outer aquifer J for radial flow, J for linear flow,
boundary bbl/day/psi bbl/day/psi

No flow

Constant pressure

Oil
rR Aquifer
h
raq L
w

59
Example: Fetkovich pseudosteady-state method
1.- Calculate the aquifer influx using the Fetkovich method, assuming that the aquifer
has a size of raq = 275,000 ft and h = 71.73 ft
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532  Initial encroachable water
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Reservoir temperature (ºF) 156
Bubble point pressure  Productivity index
737
(psia)
OOIP (MMSTB) 48.75
Rsi (scf/STB) 112
Boi (RB/STB) 1.078
 Average reservoir pressure
Bob (RB/STB) 1.094
Swi 0.48
 Water influx during the time interval
Rock compressibility (1/psi) 4.00E-06
Water compressibility
3.00E-06
(1/psi)
Average porosity 0.177
Average permeability (md) 432
Average thickness (ft) 31.8  Average pressure in the aquifer at the
Bulk volume (acre-ft) 73590 conclusion of the current time step
Water viscosity (cp) 0.38
Initial oil viscosity (cp) 1.02
60
Example: Fetkovich pseudosteady-state method
1.- Calculate the aquifer influx using the Fetkovich method, assuming that the aquifer
has a size of re = 275,000 ft and h = 71.73 ft
Table - properties and production data
Initial pressure (psia) 2532  Initial encroachable water
Pressure at 6576 hrs (psia) 2503
Reservoir temperature (ºF) 156
Bubble point pressure
737  Productivity index
(psia)
OOIP (MMSTB) 48.75
Rsi (scf/STB) 112
Boi (RB/STB) 1.078  Average reservoir pressure
Bob (RB/STB) 1.094
Swi 0.48
Rock compressibility (1/psi) 4.00E-06  Water influx during the time interval
Water compressibility
3.00E-06
(1/psi)
Average porosity 0.177
Average permeability (md) 432
Average thickness (ft) 31.8  Average pressure in the aquifer at the
Bulk volume (acre-ft) 73590 conclusion of the current time step
Water viscosity (cp) 0.38
Initial oil viscosity (cp) 1.02
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