OM

SWASTIASTU
NAMA : NI PUTU DESI KRISTINA YANTI
NIM : P07131019027
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are usually defined as aldehyde
and ketone polyhydroction or hydrolyzed
substances resulting in aldehyde and ketone
polyhydroction. Carbohydrates are commonly
called carbon hydrates, charcoal hydrates,
sacharon (saccharides) or sugars.
Carbohydrates mean hydrated carbon.
The basic food ingredients that we usually eat are rice, corn,
sago, and sometimes cassava or yams.
 KH
KH Complex
Simple Classification

1. MONOSACCHARIDES 1. Polysaccharide:
2. DISACCHARIDES 2. starch, dextrin,
3. SUGAR ALCOHOL 3. Glycogen
4. OLIGOSACCHARIDES 4. FIBERS
 CLASSIFICATION OF KH
ACCORDING TO DIGESTIVE
POWER
GLIKKEMIK
IN THE BODY
KH that can be digested and absorbed
KH Small intestine
Such as: monosaccharides, disaccharides

NON indigestible KH and

GLIKKEMIK absorbed by the small intestine
KH such as: dietary fiber
KH FUNCTION
ENERGY SOURCES

SWEET TASTER

PROTEIN SPARER

METABOLISM REGULATOR
Fat
ASSISTING EXPENSES
Stool
 DIGESTION AND
ABSORPTION OF KH •Amylase enzymes:
Mouth • Starch Hydrolysis => dextrin
• = > maltose

• Pancreatic amylase enzymes:

• Starch Hydrolysis => dextrin => maltose
• Disaccharigese enzymes:
SMALL INTESTINE
• Hydrolysis disaccharides= > glucose,
• galactose, fructose
• = > absorbed = > blood flow

Colon Non KH starch => fermented =>

CO2, H2 + Short chain fatty acids

03/12/2022 8
 METABOLISME KH

breakdown of complex KH
Catabolism molecules into smaller
molecules to produce
energy

reaction of the formation

Anabolism of complex KH molecules
from smaller molecules
that require Energy

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GLIKOLISIS
GLIKOLISIS
 Stage I Carbohydrate catabolism
 Is the path of oxidation of glucose into pyruvate + energy (ATP) + NADH.
 occurs in an atmosphere
 Aerobics – there is oxygen = > pyruvate
 Anaerobic – no oxygen / cells without nuclei & mitochondria = > lactate
 Location in : cytoplasm cells
 Require:
 glucose, 2 ADP, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 PO4=

 10 different enzymes,
 3 key enzymes ( Hexoinase/Glucokinase, Phosphofruktokinase, Pyruvate Kinase)
 OVERVIEW CARBOHYDRATES
METABOLISME

Glucose

Hexokinase

Pentose
Phosphate Glucose-6-P Glc-1- phosphate
Shunt
glycolysis
glycogen

Pyruvate
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GLIKOGEN
GLIKOGENESIS
 Mechanism of glycogen formation of glucose
 Occurred in the post-supply of Kh from food
 Occurs in the hepar & muscle in the form of:
 branched α-D-glucose polymer
 2 glycoside bonds α-1,4-glycosides & α-1.6-glycosides

 Main enzymes that play a role: Glycogen syntase regulated by C AMP

 Mechanism of glycogen formation of glucose
 Occurred in the post-supply of Kh from food
 Occurs in the hepar & muscle in the form of:
 branched α-D-glucose polymer
 2 glycoside bonds α-1,4-glycosides & α-1.6-glycosides
GALACTOSE METABOLISM
 Necessary for synthesis of lactose, glycolipids, proteoglycans and
glycoproteins
 Conversion galactose  glucose catalyzed galactokinase
 Glucose conversion  lactose catalyzed lactose sintase
GALACTOSE
 Derived from hydrolysis-intestinal lactose
 Can be changed  glucose in the liver by the enzyme galactokinase u / liver
function test (galactose tolerance test)
 Glucose synthesized in mammae gland  lactose milk o / enzyme lactose
sintase
 Parts of glycolipids, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM
 Carbohydrate Intake
 Enzymes that play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates
 Hormones in carbohydrate metabolism
 Activity (aerobic / anaerobic)
CARBOHYDRATE PROPERTIES
 Reduced power
When monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are added to the
solution, red brick deposits will arise. While sakarosa can not cause
discoloration.
 The influence of acid
Monosaccharides are stable against diluted and hot mineral acids.
Concentrated acids will cause dehydration to become furfural, which is a
derivative of aldehyde.
 Alkaline influence
A diluted alkaline solution at room temperature will change the saccharide.
This change occurs in anomeric C atoms and neighboring C atoms without
affecting other C atoms.
BENEFITS OF
CARBOHYDRATES
carbohydrate benefits for the body of course a lot. By
consuming foods containing carbohydrates, the body will
get maximum energy to carry out solid activities.
Another carbohydrate benefit is that it helps the
metabolism of fats and proteins. This can help prevent the
occurrence of ketosis or acidosis that can harm the body
and the breakdown of excessive proteins. Some types of
carbohydrates have a special function in the body.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATE
SOURCE
 Brown Rice FOODS
Its high fiber content makes brown rice considered a good and healthy source of
carbohydrates. Brown rice also contains magnesium, iron, B vitamins, vitamin
B2, vitamin B3 and vitamin B6.
 Boiled Potatoes
The high content of starch in boiled potatoes causes this food to cause satiety
and also produces considerable calories.
 Sweet Potato
Sweet potatoes are a healthy source of carbohydrates for people with stomach
ulcers, diabetes, weight problems and arthritis. The nutrients contained in it are
fiber, manganese, copper, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin B6.
 Sago
Sago is a staple food for people in Maluku or Papua. It looks like a powder that will then
be processed
 Cassava
Cassava is also one of the staple foods in Indonesia. The roots of this plant can be a filling
food.
 Wheat Seeds
Eating whole grains makes the stomach feel full for longer and can increase metabolism,
because the body needs a lot of energy to process it.
 Corn
Corn has folic acid and fiber content that is good for the body. In certain areas, corn is
made into corn rice.
 Nuts
Nuts such as red beans, green beans, chickpeas, long beans, soybeans and peas fill the
stomach immediately, but can last a long time.
CONSEQUENCES OF CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCIES AND EXCESS

 Lack of carbohydrates
 Maramus
Marasmus carbohydrate deficiency disease is a nutritional disorder due to lack of
carbohydrates. Symptoms include a face such as a parent (wrinkled), invisible fat and muscles
under the skin (visible bones under the skin), easily broken hair and redness, skin disorders,
indigestion (frequent diarrhea), enlarged liver and so on.
 Excess Carbohydrate Disease
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder related to glucose carbohydrates.
 Obesity
Obesity is caused by an imbalance between calorie consumption and energy needs,
where consumption is too excessive compared to energy needs or consumption. Excess
energy in the body is stored in the form of fat tissue.
LACTOSE STRUCTURE

Naturally, lactose is present in milk and is often referred to as milk sugar. This
molecule is composed of one D-glucose molecule and one D-galactose
molecule through glycosidic β(1→4) bonds, for its bond structure can be seen
in the Figure
OM SHANTI SHANTI SHANTI