GS (EE-112) Applied Physics

◦ CHAPTER # 1
◦ FORCE AND MOTION

◦ By: Engr. Muhammad Mohsin Shaikh

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indus University Karachi 1
 Course Outlines
◦ Force and Motion: Motion along a straight line, Vectors. Motion in 2 and 3 dimensions. Force Friction
◦ Waves Vibrations and Oscillations Simple Harmonic Motion Wave Motion and Sound
◦ Mechanics Work and Energy Kinetic and Potential energy Conservation of energy. Center of mass and rotation Linear
momentum. Torque and angular momentum. Equilibrium and elasticity. Gravitation.
◦ Thermodynamics a. Thermal Equilibrium and zeroth law b. First and second law of thermodynamics
◦ Electric Charge Introduction to electric charge Conductors and Insulators Coulomb’s Law Quantization and Conservation of
Charge.
◦ Electric Fields Introduction to Electric Field A point charge in electric field A dipole in electric field
◦ Gauss’ Law Electric Flux Gauss’ Law and its Applications
◦ Electric Potential Electric potential and Electric potential energy Potential due to a point charge Potential due to group of
charges Potential due to an electric dipole Potential due to continuous charge distribution
◦ Capacitance Introduction to capacitance Capacitors in parallel and series Energy stored in an electric field Dielectric

◦ Current and Resistance Introduction to electric current Effects of Electric Current Sources of Electricity Current density
Resistance and Resistivity Ohm’s Law Power in electric circuits Semiconductors and super conductors
◦ Circuits Introduction to electric circuits Pumping charges Work, energy and EMF , Single and Multi-loop circuits The ammeter
and voltmeter.
◦ Electromagnetism Introduction to magnetic fields The Hall effect Magnetic field on a current carrying wire Torque on a
current loop ,Electromagnetic Induction

2
 Contents of Course
◦ Chapter#1 Force and Motion
◦ Chapter#2 Waves
◦ Chapter#3 Mechanics
◦ Chapter#4 Thermodynamics
◦ Chapter#5 Electric Charge
◦ Chapter#6 Electric field
◦ Chapter#7 Gauss law
◦ Chapter#8 Electric Potential
◦ Chapter#9 Capacitance
◦ Chapter#10 Current and Resistance
◦ Chapter#11 Circuits
◦ Chapter#12 Electromagnetism

3
 What is Force ?
◦ Force: It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the body on which
it acts.
◦ S.I. unit of force is Newton and Represented by the symbol F.
Examples of Force
◦ Push or pull to open a door
◦ Lifting a box
◦ Pulling a trolley

4
 Force ?
◦ Effects of force:
a)Force can put a stationary body to motion.
b)Force can put a body in motion to rest 
c)A force can do three things on a body.
d)It can change the speed of a body.
e)It can change the direction of motion of a
Moving body.
f) It can change the shape of a body.

5
 Types of Force ?
◦ Balanced forces: Forces are said to be balanced forces if they nullify one another and
their resultant force is zero.
◦ For example- Two people putting equal force in a tug-off war or a log floating on
water.
◦ Balanced forces do not cause any change in the state of the object
it is applied upon i.e. the object in which force is applied the state
doesn’t change from motion to rest or vice-versa, however,
balanced forces can change the shape and size of an object. Such
kind of forces is equal in magnitude but in opposite directions.

6
 Types of Force ?
◦ Unbalanced forces: When two opposite forces acting on a body, move a body in the
direction of the greater force or forces which brings motion in a body are called as
unbalanced forces.

The features of Unbalanced forces are-

◦ It can move a stationary body
◦ Increase or decrease the speed of a moving body
◦ Put a moving to rest
◦ Change the shape and size of the object on which force is
applied upon

7
 Types of Force ?
◦ Other Types of Forces are
◦ Muscular Force: force by human body.
◦ Gravitational Force
◦ Frictional Force
◦ Air Resistance

8
Motion??
◦ “Motion is a change in position of an object or else a
process of moving or being moved. When the body
changes its position with respect to its surrounding, the
body is said to be in Motion.”
◦ Examples: Football on ground, motion of moon around
earth, a car moving on the road to trees on the roadside,
person inside a moving bus with respect to person
outside the bus, bird flying in sky these are the examples
of motion.
Motion??

Motion is commonly described in terms of:

◦ Displacement
◦ Distance
◦ Time
◦ Speed
Motion???
Distance and Displacement
◦The minimum distance between two points is called displacement while
the actual path covered is called distance. The displacement is a vector
term and distance is scalar term. Distance and displacement both have SI
unit as meter.

◦AB+BC= distance moved and AC = displacement.

◦On one round trip, distance is 2(AB+BC) while the displacement
= AC+CA= 0.
◦Hence the distance is never zero while the displacement is zero in one
round trip.
◦
Motion???
Distance versus Displacement
 Motion??
Speed
◦Defined as the distance covered by a moving object in unit time taken.
It is a scalar quantity and hence it can only be represented by
magnitude not by direction.In other words, “The speed of an object
can also be considered as the magnitude of the velocity of the
object”. The speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with
time. Numerically it is the distance travelled by the body in 1 sec.
◦Speed = Distance moved/Time taken
◦S = d/t
◦where d is distance moved. The speed is scalar term.
◦The SI unit for speed is meter/second (m/s).
 Motion??
Average Speed
◦The Average Speed is defined as "the ratio of total distance traveled,
irrespective of the direction with that of the time of the observation.
◦Let us Consider that the distance traveled by a moving car is denoted
by d and it covers this distance in t time, then the average speed Savg is
given by: 

◦The speed cannot be zero since distance cannot be zero while the
velocity can be zero as displacement can be zero.
 Motion??
Average Speed
◦The Average Speed is defined as "the ratio of total distance traveled,
irrespective of the direction with that of the time of the observation.
◦Let us Consider that the distance traveled by a moving car is denoted
by d and it covers this distance in t time, then the average speed Savg is
given by: 

◦The speed cannot be zero since distance cannot be zero while the
velocity can be zero as displacement can be zero.
 Motion??
Average Speed Example:
Question: A train is traveling from city A to city B with the speed of
70 mph and while traveling back from city B to city A it travels with
the speed of 85 mph. Find the average speed of the train for the whole
trip? 
Solution: 
As we know that the train is traveling between city A and B, so, the
distance traveled by it is two times that of the distance between city A
and B. 
Now, consider that D = distance between city A and B , 
t1 = Time taken by train to travel from city A to B is = D/70.
t2 = Time taken by train to travel from city B to A is = D/85.
◦The speed cannot be zero since distance cannot be zero while the
velocity can be zero as displacement can be zero.
 Motion??
Average Speed Example (continue)

Similarly, S1= Speed of the train from city A to B = 70 mph 

              S2 = Speed of the train from city B to A = 85 mph 
So, the average speed of the round trip is
Savg = (Total Distance Traveled)/Time Taken. 
Savg=2D/(D/70+D/85)
         =(2D×70×85)/155D 
               = (2×70×85)/155
Savg = 76.77mph. 
So, the average speed of the train for the round trip is 76.77 mph.
 Motion??
Average Speed Example (continue)

Similarly, S1= Speed of the train from city A to B = 70 mph 

              S2 = Speed of the train from city B to A = 85 mph 
So, the average speed of the round trip is
Savg = (Total Distance Traveled)/Time Taken. 
Savg=2D/(D/70+D/85)
         =(2D×70×85)/155D 
               = (2×70×85)/155
Savg = 76.77mph. 
So, the average speed of the train for the round trip is 76.77 mph.
 Motion??
◦ Question: If a train is moving at the speed of 40 mph, find the distance it
travels in 2.5 s?
Solution: 
From the question we have, 
Speed (X) = 40 m/s 
Time (T) = 2.5s 

The distance (D) traveled by the train can be given by 

Distance = Speed × Time or 
D = X × T 
Substituting the respective values in the above equation, we have,
D = 40 ×2.5 
   = 100 miles 
So, the distance traveled by the train in 2.5 hours is 100 miles.
 Motion??
◦ Velocity: 
“Velocity is the measure of the speed of the object in a specific
direction”. Velocity is a vector quantity so both the magnitude and the
direction of the object are required to define the velocity of the object.
The speed and velocity of an object are interrelated terms.
As we know that velocity is speed of object in a particular direction. It
is given that the rate of change of displacement with time. So the
equation of velocity is: 
V = displacement/time
V = dx/dt  (m/sec)
 Motion??
◦ Average velocity : 

“Average velocity defines the average rate of change of position of an object with
respect to time. Therefore, the average velocity depends only on the initial position and
the final position of the object and doesn’t depend on the path taken by the object to reach
the final position from its initial position.
Mathematically, it can be defined as:
v = Δx/Δt = x2−x1/t2−t1
◦ where, 
◦ x2 = final position of the object
◦ x1 = initial position of the object
◦ t2 = time at which object reach the distance d2
◦ t1 = time at which the object starts from the distance d1
 Motion??
◦ Velocity versus Speed: 

Velocity is the change of the position or displacement of an

object with time while speed is rate of change of distance with
respect to time. However, Velocity is a vector quantity
while speed is a scalar quantity. To define a scalar quantity,
only magnitude is required while to measure a vector quantity
magnitude as well as direction is required.
 Motion??
◦ Acceleration: 

If the velocity changes from time to time, then the parameter which is
responsible for change in velocity is called acceleration. In other words, it is
defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Like velocity,
acceleration imparted on an object is also a vector quantity.
As per the basic definition of acceleration, it is the ratio of change in velocity
to change in time. As per dimensional analysis with the basic physical
constants,
a= velocity/time = displacement/time/time = LT-2.
Therefore, the unit of acceleration must be distance/ square of time.
The most common units that are used to express an acceleration
are, ft/s2 and m/s2.
 Motion??
◦ Acceleration: 

If the velocity changes from time to time, then the parameter which is
responsible for change in velocity is called acceleration. In other words, it is
defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Like velocity,
acceleration imparted on an object is also a vector quantity.
As per the basic definition of acceleration, it is the ratio of change in velocity
to change in time. As per dimensional analysis with the basic physical
constants,
a= velocity/time = displacement/time/time = LT-2.
Therefore, the unit of acceleration must be distance/ square of time.
The most common units that are used to express an acceleration
are, ft/s2 and m/s2.
 Types of motion??
◦ Translatory motion
◦ Rotatory motion
◦ Vibratory motion

1. Translatory Motion

• RECTILINEAR MOTION
◦ CURVILINEAR MOTION

2. Circular Motion
◦ REVOLUTION
◦ ROTATORY MOTION
Types of motion??
 Types of motion??
1. Translatory Motion
The motion in which all points of a moving body move uniformly along a straight line
is called translatory.
Examples of translatory motion in daily life:
◦Motion of train
◦motion of earth
◦motion of birds
◦motion of insects
◦motion of aeroplane
◦motion of gas molecules
 Types of motion??
1. Translatory Motion
The motion in which all points of a moving body move uniformly along a straight line
is called translatory.
Examples of translatory motion in daily life:
◦Motion of train
◦motion of earth
◦motion of birds
◦motion of insects
◦motion of aeroplane
◦motion of gas molecules
 Types of motion??
Types of Translatory Motion
RECTILINEAR MOTION If a body moves in a straight line it is called a Rectilinear
motion
 Types of motion??
Types of Translatory Motion
CURVILINEAR MOTION If a body moves along a curved path then it is said to
have curvilinear motion.
 Types of motion??
CIRCULAR MOTION An object is said to be in circular motion when it moves
around a fixed point called axis.
 Types of motion??
REVOLUTION:

REVOLUTION
 Types of motion??
ROTATORY MOTION • When a body undergoes translatory motion in such a way
that its parts cover different distances in a given time it is said to have rotatory motion.
 Types of motion??
◦ RANDOM MOTION
◦ OSCILLATORY MOTION
◦ VIBRATORY MOTION
◦ PERIODIC MOTION
◦ OBJECTS HAVING MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF MOTION
Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. Law of Inertia
2. F=ma
3. Action-Reaction
Newton’s Laws of Motion
◦ 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in
motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.

◦ 2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.

◦ 3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction.
1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
“An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion
will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.”
(Or)
“Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its
velocity: whether in motion or motionless.”
Some Examples from Real Life
1. A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced force of a kick to change its
motion.

2. Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal force on the rope
in opposite directions. This balanced force results in no change of motion.

3. If you slide a hockey puck on ice, eventually it will stop,

because of friction on the ice. It will also stop if it hits
something, like a player’s stick or a goalpost.
4. If you are driving in your car at a very high speed and
hit something, like a brick wall or a tree, the car will
come to an instant stop, but you will keep moving
forward. This is why cars have airbags, to protect you
from smashing into the windscreen.
 2nd Law of Motion
2nd Law

The net force of an object is equal to the product of its

mass and acceleration, or F=ma.
The more mass the object has the more net force has to be
used to move it.
 Some Examples from Real Life??
1. If you use the same force to push a
truck and push a car, the car will have
more acceleration than the truck,
because the car has less mass.

2. Itis easier to push an empty shopping

cart than a full one, because the full
shopping cart has more mass than the
empty one. This means that more force
is required to push the full shopping cart.
 2nd law of motion Numrical
◦ How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per second/per
second?
Write the formula
F=mxa
Fill in given numbers and units
F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second
Solve for the unknown

2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N

Comparison of 2nd law of Motion??

Note: If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration,

doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the
mass, halves the acceleration.
 2nd law of motion Example ??
Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.
◦We know that objects with different masses accelerate to
the ground at the same rate.
◦However, because of the 2nd Law we know that they don’t
hit the ground with the same force.

F = ma
F = ma
9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s m/s/s
 2nd law of Motion??
1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6
kg object?

1. 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2. Determine

the mass.

2. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?

3. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
 3rd Law of motion??
◦ “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

Example: When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on
the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body. There are two
forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on
your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces.
1. Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newton’s third law
of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air
pushes their wings up and gives them lift.
Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.
3. The baseball forces the bat to the left (an action); the bat forces the ball to
the right (the reaction).
 Example ??
◦ The reaction of a rocket is an application of the third law of
motion. Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot
gases.
◦ The hot gases push against the inside tube of the rocket and
escape out the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward,
the rocket moves in the opposite direction.
 Equation of Motion??
◦ In case of uniform acceleration, there are three equations of motion which are also
known as the laws of constant acceleration. Hence, these equations are used to derive
the components like displacement(s), velocity (initial and final), time(t) and
acceleration(a). Therefore they can only be applied when acceleration is constant and
motion is a straight line. The three equations are,
◦ v = u + at
◦ v² = u² + 2as
◦ s = ut + ½at²
◦ where, s = displacement; u = initial velocity; v = final velocity; a = acceleration; t =
time of motion.
 Numrical??
◦ Example 1: A body starts from rest accelerate to a velocity of 20 m/s in a time of 10
s. Determine the acceleration of the boy.
◦ Solution: Here, Final velocity v = 20 m/s and initial velocity u = 0 m/s  (the body was
at rest yo!). Therefore, Time taken t = 10 s. Hence, using the equation v = u +at.
a = (v-u )/t
= (20 – 0 ) /10
= 2 m/s2
Hence the acceleration of the body is 2 m/s2.
FRICTION
Force of friction is the force which opposes the
motion of an object over a surface. The force of
friction acts between the object and the surface.

Eg :-
1. A ball rolling on ground gradually slows down
and comes to rest due to force of friction between
the ball and the ground.
2. If we stop pedaling a bicycle, it gradually slows
down and comes to a stop due to force of friction
between the wheel and the road.
FACTORS AFFECTING FRICTION

Friction depends upon two factors. They are :-

i) Nature of the surfaces in contact. ( The smoothness of
the surfaces).
ii) How hard the surfaces press together.
Friction is less on a smooth surface.
CAUSE OF FRICTION
Friction is caused due to the interlocking of irregularities between
the two surfaces in contact. Smooth surfaces have minute
irregularities between the two surfaces. Rough surfaces have
larger irregularities between the two surfaces. So force of friction
is more if the surfaces are rough.
TYPES OF FRICTION
There are three main types of friction. They are static friction,
sliding friction and rolling friction.
a) Static friction is the friction exerted on a object at rest. .
b) Sliding friction is the friction exerted when an object slides over a
surface.
c) Rolling friction is the friction exerted when an object rolls over a
surface. Sliding friction is slightly less than static friction. Rolling
friction is less than sliding friction and static friction.
 advantages of FRICTION
1. Friction between the feet and ground helps us to walk on the ground.
2. It is possible to write with a pen or pencil on a paper due to friction between the pen
or pencil and the paper.
3. It is possible to write on a blackboard due to the friction between the
chalk and black board.
 Disadvantages of FRICTION
1. Soles of shoes wear out due to friction.
2. Tyres of bicycles and automobiles wear out due to
friction.
3. Steps of staircases and foot over bridges in railway
stations wear out due to friction.
4. Knives and razors lose their sharp edges due to
friction.
 Methods to Reduce friction

1. Using lubricants like powders or oils and grease.

2. Using rollers or wheels.
3. Using ball bearings.
4. We sprinkle powder on a carom board to reduce friction.
5. Oil or grease is applied between moving parts of
machines to reduce friction.
6. Rollers are used in luggage bags to reduce friction.
7. Wheels are used in vehicles to reduce friction.
8. Ball bearings are used in ceiling fans, bicycles and
vehicles to reduce friction.
 FLUID FRICTION
FLUID FRICTION
“Fluid friction is the force of friction exerted by liquids and
gases on objects moving through them.”

Fluid friction depends upon :-

1.The speed of the object.
2.Shape of the object.
3.The nature of the fluid.
Eg:-
1. Birds flying in air have streamlined body to reduce fluid
friction.
2. Fishes living in water have streamlined body to reduce fluid
friction.
3. Aeroplanes and spacecrafts have streamlined body to
reduce fluid friction.
 Numrical
◦ Example 1: A body starts from rest accelerate to a velocity of
20 m/s in a time of 10 s. Determine the acceleration of the boy.
◦ Solution: Here, Final velocity v = 20 m/s and initial velocity u =
0 m/s  (the body was at rest yo!). Therefore, Time taken t = 10
s. Hence, using the equation v = u +at.
a = (v-u )/t
= (20 – 0 ) /10
= 2 m/s2
Hence the acceleration of the body is 2 m/s2.
 Numrical
◦ Example 2: A bus starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration 8ms−2.
At. the same time, a car travelling with a constant velocity 16 m/s overtakes and
passes the bus. After how much time and at what distance, the bus overtakes the
car?
A) t =4s, s = 64m     B) t = 5s, s = 72m      C) t = 8s, s = 58m      D) None of
These
◦ Solution: A) Let the position of the bus be PB and the position of the car be PC.
From s = ut +½ at², we have
Since the initial velocity of the bus, u = 0, hence we have PB = ½ (8)t²
And PC = velocity × Time =  16×t. For the bus to overtake the car, we must have:
PB = PC
Hence, ½ (8)t²  = 16×t. Therefore, t = 4s.
Using the value of t = 4s in PB = ½ (8)t ², we have the position of the bus at the
time of overtaking is = 64m.
 Numrical
◦ A block of mass 5 kg starts to slide down a frictionless plane having an
inclination of 25.0° from rest at the top. The length of the incline is 2.00 m, find
(a) the acceleration of the block and (b) its speed when it reaches the bottom of
the incline. Take g = 10 ms-2.
◦ Solution: We begin by drawing the free body diagram of the block.
◦ (a) Applying Newton’s second law of motion along the surface of the incline, we
get
◦ 50 sin25 = 5a
◦ Therefore, a = 4.23 ms-2
◦ (b) We know that v2 = u2 + 2as
◦ Since u = 0 (given that the block starts from rest)
◦ Therefore, v2 = 2 X 4.23 X 2
◦ which gives v = 4.1 m/s
 Numrical
◦ 1) A 5500 N force is applied to a sled full of firewood in a snow-covered
forest. The skis of the sled have a coefficient of static friction μs = 0.75 with
the snow. If the fully-loaded sled has a mass of 700 kg, what is the
maximum force of static friction, and is the force applied enough to
overcome it?
◦ Answer: On a flat surface, the normal force on an object is η = mg. Using
this, the maximum force of static friction can be found:
◦ Fsmax = μs η
◦ Fsmax = μs mg
◦ Fsmax = (0.75)(700 kg)(9.8 m/(s2))
◦ Fsmax = 5145 kg∙m/s2
◦ Fsmax = 5145 N
61
FRICTION
Force of friction is the force which opposes the
motion of an object over a surface. The force of
friction acts between the object and the surface.

Eg :-
1. A ball rolling on ground gradually slows down
and comes to rest due to force of friction between
the ball and the ground.
2. If we stop pedaling a bicycle, it gradually slows
down and comes to a stop due to force of friction
between the wheel and the road.
FACTORS AFFECTING FRICTION

Friction depends upon two factors. They are :-

i) Nature of the surfaces in contact. ( The smoothness of
the surfaces).
ii) How hard the surfaces press together.
Friction is less on a smooth surface.
CAUSE OF FRICTION
Friction is caused due to the interlocking of irregularities between
the two surfaces in contact. Smooth surfaces have minute
irregularities between the two surfaces. Rough surfaces have
larger irregularities between the two surfaces. So force of friction
is more if the surfaces are rough.
TYPES OF FRICTION
There are three main types of friction. They are static friction,
sliding friction and rolling friction.
a) Static friction is the friction exerted on a object at rest. .
b) Sliding friction is the friction exerted when an object slides over a
surface.
c) Rolling friction is the friction exerted when an object rolls over a
surface. Sliding friction is slightly less than static friction. Rolling
friction is less than sliding friction and static friction.
 advantages of FRICTION
1. Friction between the feet and ground helps us to walk on the ground.
2. It is possible to write with a pen or pencil on a paper due to friction between the pen
or pencil and the paper.
3. It is possible to write on a blackboard due to the friction between the
chalk and black board.
 Disadvantages of FRICTION
1. Soles of shoes wear out due to friction.
2. Tyres of bicycles and automobiles wear out due to
friction.
3. Steps of staircases and foot over bridges in railway
stations wear out due to friction.
4. Knives and razors lose their sharp edges due to
friction.
 Methods to Reduce friction
1. Using lubricants like powders or oils and grease.
2. Using rollers or wheels.
3. Using ball bearings.
4. We sprinkle powder on a carom board to reduce friction.
5. Oil or grease is applied between moving parts of
machines to reduce friction.
6. Rollers are used in luggage bags to reduce friction.
7. Wheels are used in vehicles to reduce friction.
8. Ball bearings are used in ceiling fans, bicycles and
vehicles to reduce friction.
 FLUID FRICTION
FLUID FRICTION
“Fluid friction is the force of friction exerted by liquids and
gases on objects moving through them.”

Fluid friction depends upon :-

1.The speed of the object.
2.Shape of the object.
3.The nature of the fluid.
Eg:-
1. Birds flying in air have streamlined body to reduce fluid
friction.
2. Fishes living in water have streamlined body to reduce fluid
friction.
3. Aeroplanes and spacecrafts have streamlined body to
reduce fluid friction.
 Numrical
◦ Example 1: A body starts from rest accelerate to a velocity of
20 m/s in a time of 10 s. Determine the acceleration of the boy.
◦ Solution: Here, Final velocity v = 20 m/s and initial velocity u =
0 m/s  (the body was at rest yo!). Therefore, Time taken t = 10
s. Hence, using the equation v = u +at.
a = (v-u )/t
= (20 – 0 ) /10
= 2 m/s2
Hence the acceleration of the body is 2 m/s2.
 Numrical
◦ Example 2: A bus starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration 8ms−2.
At. the same time, a car travelling with a constant velocity 16 m/s overtakes and
passes the bus. After how much time and at what distance, the bus overtakes the
car?
A) t =4s, s = 64m     B) t = 5s, s = 72m      C) t = 8s, s = 58m      D) None of
These
◦ Solution: A) Let the position of the bus be PB and the position of the car be PC.
From s = ut +½ at², we have
Since the initial velocity of the bus, u = 0, hence we have PB = ½ (8)t²
And PC = velocity × Time =  16×t. For the bus to overtake the car, we must have:
PB = PC
Hence, ½ (8)t²  = 16×t. Therefore, t = 4s.
Using the value of t = 4s in PB = ½ (8)t ², we have the position of the bus at the
time of overtaking is = 64m.
 Numrical
◦ A block of mass 5 kg starts to slide down a frictionless plane having an
inclination of 25.0° from rest at the top. The length of the incline is 2.00 m, find
(a) the acceleration of the block and (b) its speed when it reaches the bottom of
the incline. Take g = 10 ms-2.
◦ Solution: We begin by drawing the free body diagram of the block.
◦ (a) Applying Newton’s second law of motion along the surface of the incline, we
get
◦ 50 sin25 = 5a
◦ Therefore, a = 4.23 ms-2
◦ (b) We know that v2 = u2 + 2as
◦ Since u = 0 (given that the block starts from rest)
◦ Therefore, v2 = 2 X 4.23 X 2
◦ which gives v = 4.1 m/s
 Numrical
◦ 1) A 5500 N force is applied to a sled full of firewood in a snow-covered
forest. The skis of the sled have a coefficient of static friction μs = 0.75 with
the snow. If the fully-loaded sled has a mass of 700 kg, what is the
maximum force of static friction, and is the force applied enough to
overcome it?
◦ Answer: On a flat surface, the normal force on an object is η = mg. Using
this, the maximum force of static friction can be found:
◦ Fsmax = μs η
◦ Fsmax = μs mg
◦ Fsmax = (0.75)(700 kg)(9.8 m/(s2))
◦ Fsmax = 5145 kg∙m/s2
◦ Fsmax = 5145 N
Motion in Three Dimensions??
“When a body move along three axis ( x-axis, y- axis, z-axis), then it said
to be under three dimensional motion”
OR
“In simple terms when a body moves in space”.

Eg :- A flying kite, an aeroplane in the sky, a cricket ball approch ground

after hit by bat, Motion of a Balloon etc. are under three dimension
motion.

Note: position in 3D, velocity in 3D, acceleration in 3D

Differentiate Motion and Dimensions??
Motion: In physics, motion is a change in position of an object
over time. Motion is described in terms of displacement, distance,
velocity, acceleration, time, and speed.
Dimension:
◦A dimension is an expression to define a specific property or
characteristic of something.
◦It appears that there is no three dimensional motion in reality.
◦Although you could create that in mathematical dimensional
constructs, but that does not make it a reality.
Position in 3 dimensions
Write R as our position, relative to the origin in 3 dimensions
Velocity in 3 dimensions
If R is the position, then
 Projectile motion (2D Motion)
“An object may move in both the x and y directions simultaneously.”

“The form of two-dimensional motion we will deal with is called projectile motion”
 Assumptions of Projectile Motion
1) The free-fall acceleration is constant over the range
of motion.
2) It is directed downward.
3) It is reasonable as long as the range is small
compared to the radius of the Earth.
4) The effect of air friction is negligible ! With these
assumptions, an object in projectile motion will follow a
parabolic path.
5) This path is called the trajectory
 Projectile Motion Diagram
1
 Analyzing Projectile Motion
Consider the motion as the superposition of the motions in the x-
and y-directions ! The actual position at any time is given by:

The initial velocity can be expressed in terms of its components !

vxi = vi cos θ and vyi = vi sin θ

The x-direction has constant velocity ax = 0

The y-direction is free fall ay = -g
 Analysis Model
◦ The analysis model is the superposition of two motions.
◦ Motion of a particle under constant velocity in the horizontal
direction.
◦ Motion of a particle under constant acceleration in the
vertical direction !
◦ Specifically, free fall
 Projectile Motion Vectors

◦ The final position is the vector sum of the initial position, the position
resulting from the initial velocity and the position resulting from the
acceleration
 Projectile Motion – Implications
◦ The y-component of the velocity is zero at the maximum height of the
trajectory.

◦ The acceleration stays the same throughout the trajectory

 Range and Maximum Height of a
Projectile
◦ When analyzing projectile motion, two characteristics are of special
interest !
◦ The range, R, is the horizontal distance of the projectile.
◦ The maximum height the projectile reaches is h.
 Height of a Projectile, equation
◦ The maximum height of the projectile can be found in terms of the initial
velocity vector: !

◦ This equation is valid only for symmetric motion

 Height of a Projectile, equation
◦ The range of a projectile can be expressed in terms of the initial velocity
vector:

◦ This is valid only for symmetric trajectory

Derivation for height equation
Range equation