Muscular tissue

Types of muscle
1. According to the sites of muscles
 Smooth muscle.
 Skeletal muscle.
 Cardiac muscle.
2. According to the movement of muscles
 Voluntary muscles
 Involuntary muscles
3. According to the striation of muscles
 Striated muscles
 Non striated muscles
Structural characteristics of muscles
 The structural unit is the muscle fiber.
 Sarcolemma.
 Sarcoplasm.
 Sarcoplasm rich in: fat, pigment, glycogen, mitochondria,
sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofilaments.
 Muscle striations.
Functional characteristics of muscles
1. Excitability
The ability to respond to a stimulus
2. Contractility
The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated
3. Extensibility
The ability to be stretched
4. Elasticity
The ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length
after being stretched
 Functions of muscles
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat
 Move substances within the body
 Smooth muscle
 Spindle in shape 30 – 500 microns.
 Nucleus ; Single ,oval and central in position.
 Sarcoplasm: Acidophilic. Rich in mitochondria and
glycogen.
 Myofilaments: Actin, myosin and intermediate
filaments(dysmin and vementin filaments)
 Contraction :all smooth muscles are involuntary.
 Regeneration from pericyte cells.
 Have no Triad of T-tubular system
 Sites:
 Single muscle fibers – skin
 Multi fibers: GIT, UG, all media of BV and glands capsules
Smooth muscle
 Skeletal muscle
 Site: attached to the skeleton.
 All most voluntary.
 Connective tissue covering:
 Epimysium.
 Perimysium.
 Endomysium.
 Skeletal muscle
 Skeletal muscle consists of very long tubular cells (also
called muscle fibers).
 length 1mm – 40 mm, Their diameters vary from 10 to
100 µm.
 Skeletal muscle fibers contain many peripherally placed
nuclei.
 Skeletal muscle fibers show in many preparations
characteristic cross-striations.
 It is therefore also called striated muscle.
 Skeletal muscle is innervated by the somatic nervous
system.
 Muscle fibers contains myofibrils.
 bundle of
muscle fibers

muscle fiber
(cell)
myofibril

sarcomere
Muscle Fiber
L & T sections
 Myofibrils
 Contractile threads; longitudinally arranged.
 Striations due to alteration of dark A and light I bands.
 A band bisected by H line.
 I band bisected by Z line.
Myofibril
 Sarcomere
 The functional unit of the muscle.
 Formed of A band and on both side halves of I band.
 Myofilaments are of two types
1. Thin filament or actin filaments
 Formed of actin, troponin,
tropomyosin proteins
2. Thick filaments or myosin filaments
 Formed of myocin protein
 Each myocin has head called
heavy meromyosin and tail called
light meromyosin
Muscle contraction
 Triad of tubular system
Formed of:
 T- Tubules: Sarcolemmal invaginations into the
sarcoplasm, at the Z lines.
 Two sarcoplasmic tubules
Role of tubular system in contraction
 Types of skeletal muscle fibers
 Classified according to:
 Myoglobin, innervation, mode of contraction and diameter of
muscle fibers.
1. Red muscle fibers
 They have large amount of myoglobin , mitochondria
 They have small diameters
 Sustain contraction for long time
 Energy from oxidation of fatty acids.
2. White muscle fibers
 They have small amount of myoglobin ,few mitochondria
 They have wide diameters.
 Quick contraction and easily fatigued
 Energy from glycolysis.
3. Intermediate muscle fibers
 Cardiac muscle
 The cardiac myocytes:
 Individual cells connected end to end.
 Covered by endomysium.
 Small diameter central nucleus.
 Myocytes are branched.
 Irregular striation.
 Spontaneously contract.
 Sarcoplasm:
 Granular acidophilic, rich in glycogen, mitochondria, and
lipochrome granules.
 Diad system.
 Intercalated disc
 Site of connection between myocytes.
 Formed of two part:
 Horizontal and vertical.
 Contains three type of junctions:
 Desmosomal.
 Adherent
 Gap.
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
Comparison between cardiac and skeletal muscles
 Steps of muscle contraction
1. Neuron action potential arrived at the end of motor neuron
2. Acetylcholine (Ach) is released
3. Ach binds to receptors on motor end plate
4. Sodium ions (Na+) rush into muscle fibers
5. Muscle action potential sweeps into T tubules
6. Sacroplasmic retinaculum release calcium (Ca++)
7. Ca++ bind to troponin
8. When Ca++ bind to troponin it causes tropomyosin to shift
and expose myosin binding site
9. Myosin bind to actin
10. Myosin pivots pulling actin filaments
11. Myosin release from actin
12. Myosin re-extend into ready position
Thank you