Paraphrasing,

Summarizing, Quoting,
and Referencing
Week 5_L1: Paraphrasing & Quoting & Referencing
Upcoming
graded
assignment
Week 7: Summary
writing (20%)
Paraphrasing, Summarizing and Quoting
• Much of the work you produce at university will involve
the important ideas, writings and discoveries of experts in
your field of study. Quoting, paraphrasing and
summarizing are all different ways of including the works
of others in your assignments.
• Paraphrasing and summarizing allow you to develop and
demonstrate your understanding and interpretation of the
major ideas/concepts of your discipline, and to avoid
plagiarism. Paraphrasing and summarizing require

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analytical and writing skills which are crucial to success at
university.
 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?

Paraphrasing: Summarizing: Quotations

• does not match the source • does not match the source • match the source word
word for word word for word for word
• involves putting a passage • involves putting the main • are usually a brief
from a source into your idea(s) into your own segment of the text
own words words, but including only • appear between quotation
• changes the words or the main point(s) marks (“ “)
phrasing of a passage, but • presents a broad overview, • must be attributed to
retains and fully so is usually much shorter the original source
communicates the original than the original text

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meaning • must be attributed to the
• must be attributed to the original source
original source
Paraphrasing
 What is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is a way of using different words and phrasing to present the same ideas.
Paraphrasing is used with short sections of text, such as phrases and sentences.

A paraphrase offers an alternative to using direct quotations and allows you to integrate
evidence/source material into assignments. Paraphrasing can also be used for note-taking
and explaining information in tables, charts and diagrams.

When to paraphrase:

Paraphrase short sections of work only i.e. a sentence or two or a short paragraph:
 as an alternative to a direct quotation

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 to rewrite someone else's ideas without changing the meaning
 to express someone else's ideas in your own words
 to support claims in or provide evidence for your writing.
A word of warning

You may have seen online paraphrasing generators that take

an excerpt of text and replace some of the words. These do
not work because they do not produce genuine paraphrases.
If you use them, it could be seen as misconduct or
plagiarism. There really is no shortcut to actually
understanding the source and paraphrasing it accurately.

DO NOT USE ONLINE PARAPHRASING TOOLS!

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 How to paraphrase
Read the original source carefully. It is essential that you understand it fully. Identify
the main point(s) and key words.

Write the paraphrase in your own style. Consider each point; how could you rephrase
it?
• Ensure that you keep the original meaning and maintain the same relationship between main ideas
and supporting points.
• Use synonyms (words or expression which have a similar meaning) where appropriate. Key words
that are specialized subject vocabulary do not need to be changed.
• If you want to retain unique or specialist phrases, use quotation marks (“ “).
• Change the grammar and sentence structure. Break up a long sentence into two shorter ones or

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combine two short sentences into one. Change the voice (active/passive) or change word forms (e.g.
nouns, adjectives).
• Change the order in which information/ideas are presented, as long as they still make sense in a
different order.

Record the original source, including the page number, so that you can provide a
reference.
How to
paraphrase
Example
Practice
Practice 1
Find synonyms for the words in italic.

a) Sleep scientists have found that traditional remedies for insomnia, such as counting
sheep, are ineffective.

Example:

Sleep researchers have found that established cures for insomnia, for instance counting
sheep, do not work.

b) Instead, they have found that imagining a pleasant scene is likely to send you to sleep
quickly.

c) The research team divided 50 insomnia sufferers into three groups.

d) One group was told to imagine a waterfall, while another group tried sheep counting.
Practice 2
Quotation
 What is a quotation?
A quotation is an exact reproduction of spoken or written words. Quotes can provide
strong evidence, act as an authoritative voice, or support a writer's statements. For
example:

• Bell and Ackerman (1993) point out in their study of Australian-American cultural relations:
"culture is never simply imposed 'from above' but is negotiated through existing patterns and
traditions." ( p. 9)

Use a quote:

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• when the author's words convey a powerful meaning
• when the exact words are important
• when you want to use the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing
• to introduce an author's position, you may wish to discuss
• to support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing
 How to quote
Quoting should be done sparingly and support your own work,
not replace it. For example, make a point in your own words,
then support it with an authoritative quote.
 Every direct quotation should:
 appear between quotation marks (" ")
 exactly reproduce text, including punctuation and capital
letters.

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Referencing
What is a reference?
 How to refer to a source: 1) QUOTING
Here is a paragraph from a scholarly article:
These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes—as
measured on the morningness–eveningness continuum are more
proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of
social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise
times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity,
suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and
biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner, probably
because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not to fit neatly
into social demands (e.g., school, university, work schedules) as do
those of less misaligned people.
Source:
Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of
Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.
Examples using the paragraph:
Randler (2009) states that late risers have “a high misalignment of
social and biological time” which results in a mismatch between their
natural schedules and the normal workday (p. 2793).
or
“People with a high misalignment of social and biological time may be
less able to act in a proactive manner, probably because of sleep delay”
(Randler, 2009, p. 2793).
Notice that there are two ways to incorporate a source:
Signal phrase – using the author’s name in your own narrative, and
then incorporating their idea or words into a sentence, like the first
example above.
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Direct quotation – Using the words or ideas of the source
independently and adding the author’s name in the in-text citation, like
in the second example.
 How to refer to a source: 2) PARAPHRASING
Here is a paragraph from a scholarly article:
These results suggest that morning people, or early chronotypes—as
measured on the morningness–eveningness continuum are more
proactive than are evening types. Additionally, the misalignment of
social and biological time, as assessed by the difference between rise
times on weekdays and on free days, correlated with proactivity,
suggesting that people with a high misalignment of social and
biological time may be less able to act in a proactive manner,
probably because of sleep delay. Their biological schedules seem not
to fit neatly into social demands (e.g., school, university, work
schedules) as do those of less misaligned people.
Source:
Randler, C. (2009). Proactive people are morning people. Journal of
Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2787-2797.
Examples using the paragraph:
Randler (2009) states that people who are naturally morning people
often also display traits that are considered proactive. He also
suggests that late risers may not show as many proactive traits
because they naturally operate on a different sleep schedule.
or
People who are naturally morning people have been shown to also
display traits that are considered proactive, and late risers display
fewer of these traits because they don’t get enough sleep on days
when they have to go to work or school (Randler, 2009).
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The text:

PART 1 Practice
America has changed dramatically during recent years. Not only has the number of graduates
in traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical, civil, electrical, chemical, and Work in small groups. Using the
aeronautical engineering declined, but in most of the premier American universities earlier examples:
engineering curricula now concentrate on and encourage largely the study of engineering
science. As a result, there are declining offerings in engineering subjects dealing with 1. Quote 2 sentences from PART 1.
infrastructure, the environment, and related issues, and greater concentration on high
technology subjects, largely supporting increasingly complex scientific developments. While
Use “signal phrase” in the 1st
the latter is important, it should not be at the expense of more traditional engineering. sentence, and “direct quotation”
in the 2nd sentence. Provide a
PART 2 reference.
Rapidly developing economies such as China and India, as well as other industrial countries in
Europe and Asia, continue to encourage and advance the teaching of engineering.
2. Paraphrase the sentences from
PART 2 using the paraphrasing
Other industrial countries at minimum maintain their output, while America suffers an techniques. Provide a reference.
increasingly serious decline in the number of engineering graduates and a lack of well-
educated engineers. Remember that you have to

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properly refer to the source.

Source: Post your answers to BB

Discussion Board
Frankel, E.G. (2008) Change in education: The cost of sacrificing fundamentals. MIT Faculty
Newsletter, XX, 5, 13.) Only one person should post the
answers. Include all group
members' names.