PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
 The main purpose of sampling
is the choice of appropriate
participants to enable the focus
of the study to be correctly
researched.

2
 The main purpose of sampling
is the choice of appropriate
participants to enable the focus
of the study to be correctly
researched.

TRUE

3
 Case study is in-depth analysis of
a person, situation or event.
Hence, it is difficult to operate.

4
 Case study is in-depth analysis of
a person, situation or event.
Hence, it is difficult to operate.

TRUE

5
 Wrong sampling approaches may
totally affect the results and
outcomes of a study.

6
 Wrong sampling approaches may
totally affect the results and
outcomes of a study.

TRUE

7
 A phenomenological viewpoint pays
attention to the perceptions and
feelings of people associated with
what they experienced.

8
 A phenomenological viewpoint pays
attention to the perceptions and
feelings of people associated with
what they experienced.

TRUE

9
 In grounded theory, the data will
be collected primarily through
interviews.

10
 In grounded theory, the data will
be collected primarily through
interviews.

TRUE

11
 OBJECTIVES
Determine the different Data Gathering
instruments used in qualitative
research

Present a qualitative data gathering

instrument that is applicable to your
research study
Give appreciation on the process of
data collection

12
WHAT DO YOU SEE?

13
MICROSCOPE
TELESCOPE
CAMERA
MAGNIFYING
GLASS
 What’s common?
22
 MICROSCOPE
• an instrument that is used to
magnify small objects
• used to observe an object at
the cellular level, allowing
scientists to see the shape of
a cell, its nucleus,
mitochondria, and other
organelles. (national
geographic society)
TELESCOPE

an instrument
used to see
objects that are
far away
(Ducksters)
CAMERA
an instrument
used to
capture
image/visual
information
(Wikipedia)
MAGNIFYING
GLASS
a convex lens that
is used to produce
a magnified image
of an
object(medical
discoveries)
DATA COLLECTION IN
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 DATA COLLECTION
can take the form of ‘direct data’ or
‘indirect data’

28
DIRECT DATA

include recordable spoken or

written words and also
observable body language,
actions, and interactions.

29
INDIRECT DATA
are generated, firsthand, by
someone or something else,
such as with documents or
photographs reporting an event
or an artistic rendition of an
event or experience.

30
 Qualitative Data
Collection
Involves
instruments in
obtaining
‘DIRECT DATA’.

31
 INTERVIEW
 viewed as the prime method for
qualitative data collection
 most often gained through a direct
encounter between the researcher
and the participant (or several
participants) using in-depth
interviews or focus group
interviews.
32
 Interviews in qualitative
research may be
■ unstructured

■ semi-structured

■ structured

33
 Unstructured
The interview is designed to be informal and
conversational with the aim of encouraging
participants to express themselves in a
naturally unfolding manner.
 Semi-structured
Researchers use an interview guide to
provide a set of questions for discussion.
 Structured
follows a list of set questions, usually asked
in a certain order—but these questions are
still open-ended; that is, usually commencing
with words like how, why, where, or when
 CONDUCTING INTERVIEW

■ conducting the interview affects the data

gathered
■ conducts dry/dummy runs
■ generating and maintaining a warm and non-
judgmental manner toward the participant/s
■ choosing a setting for the interview

37
 CONDUCTING INTERVIEW
■ issues of confidentiality and anonymity
should be discussed with the participant
before the interview is conducted
■ interviews conducted in qualitative
research are audio-recorded or video-
recorded

38
 Possible techniques include the
following:

Funneling Probing Paraphrasing

39
 Funneling

Begin with general and broad (non-

threatening) opening questions and then
narrowing down to topic specifics as the
interview progresses

40
 Probing

eliciting further details or seeking

clarification

41
 Paraphrasing
repeating what the participant has said,
without changing the meaning of what
has been said; assisting understanding
and clarity; and acting as a further
prompt

42
 Observation
is the process of observing the daily
life and behaviors of participants in
their natural setting to record
aspects such as social position and
function, or actions and interactions

43
FOUR DISTINCT ROLES OF PARTICIPATION AND
OBSERVATION
Complete
Researcher is immersed in group/community
Participant
Research is usually concealed

Participant as Researcher steps into and out of

Observer groups/community
Research is known
Observer as Researcher mainly observes but occasionally
Participant enters field,
Research is known
Complete Researcher does not participate
Observer Research is either known or concealed
44
 BENEFITS OF OBSERVATION
De Chesnay (2014)
• capturing data in more natural circumstances

• capturing the whole social setting and context of

the environment in which people function

• informing about influences of the immediate

physical environment

• interacting with participants while gaining rich

data and perspectives related to participants’
values and experiences.
45
 Does having a knowledge on data
gathering methods help you in the
conduct of your study?

46
 Planning TIME!!!
In your group, plan the most
appropriate data gathering method you
can use in your study and provide the
explanation of your choice.

47
 1-2. Give the two data collection methods used in gathering
qualitative data.

3. It is viewed as the prime method for qualitative data collection.

4. Is the process of observing the daily life and behaviors of

participants in their natural setting to record aspects such as
social position and function, or actions and interactions.

5. An observation method where the Researcher is immersed in

group/community.

48
 1-2. Give the two data collection methods used in gathering
qualitative data. (Interview, Observation)

3. It is viewed as the prime method for qualitative data collection.

(Interview)

4. Is the process of observing the daily life and behaviors of

participants in their natural setting to record aspects such as
social position and function, or actions and interactions.
(Observation)

5. An observation method where the Researcher is immersed in

group/community. (Complete Participant)

49
 Assignment

Prepare a letter of
communication for
the conduct of your
study.

50
Thank You !

51