Progect about SUDAN

Adam berkia
 INTRODUCTION
• HY SO AS OUR ENGLISH TEACHER HAS RECOMMENDED US TO
SEARCH ABOUT SOME AFRICAINS COUNTRIES ALL THE
GROUPES OF OUR CLASS CHOSED A DIFFERENT CONTRY BUT I
PREFERED TO CHOOSE SUDAN WISH THAT YOU ENGOY AND
PAY ATTENTION
Sudani flag
Sudan (English: /suːˈdɑːn/ or /suːˈdæn/; Arabic:‫ا لسودان‬,
romanized: as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan
(Arabic:‫جمهورية ا لسودان‬, romanized: Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a
country in Northeast Africa. It borders the countries of Central
African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, South
Sudan, and the Red Sea. It has a population of 44.91 million
people as of 2021[13] and occupies 1,886,068 square
kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's third-
largest country by area, and the third-largest by area in the
Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and
the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011,
[14] since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its
capital is Khartoum and its most populated city is Omdurman
(part of metro Khartoum).
 HISTORY OF SUDAN
• The history of Sudan includes that of both the territory that composes Republic of Sudan, South Sudan as well
as that of a larger region known by the term "Sudan". The term is derived from Arabic:‫ ب الد ا لسودان‬bilād as-
sūdān, or "land of the black people",[1][2] and can be used more loosely of West and Central Africa in general,
especially the Sahel.

• The modern Republic of Sudan was formed in 1956 and inherited its boundaries from Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
established in 1899. For times predating 1899, usage of the term "Sudan" for the territory of the Republic of
Sudan was somewhat anachronistic and may have referred to the more diffuse concept of Sudan.

• The early history of the Kingdom of Kush, located along the Nile region in what is now northern Sudan, is
intertwined with the history of ancient Egypt, with which it was politically allied over several regnal eras. By
virtue of its proximity to Egypt, Sudan participated in the wider history of the Near East, with the most popular
episodes being the 25th dynasty and the Christianization of the three Nubian kingdoms Nobatia, Makuria and
Alodia in the sixth century. As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest
recorded Nilo-Saharan language (earliest records dating to the eighth century) in an adaptation of the Coptic
alphabet). While Islam was already present in the Sudanese Red Sea coast and the adjacent territories since
the 7th century, the Nile Valley did not undergo formal Islamization until the 14th-15th century, following the
decline of the Christian kingdoms. The kingdoms were succeeded by the Sultanate of Sennar in the early 16th
century, which controlled large parts of the Nile Valley and the Eastern Desert, while the kingdoms of Darfur
controlled the western part of Sudan. Two small kingdoms arose in the southern regions, the Shilluk Kingdom
of 1490, and Taqali of 1750, near modern-day South Sudan, but both northern and southern regions were
soon seized by Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the 1820s. Resentment toward the oppressive rule of
Muhammad Ali and his immediate successors is credited for stirring up resentment toward the Turco-Egyptian
rulers that contributed to the Sudanese
Some monuments of this
country
kassala
Pyramyds of sudan
SOME PHOTOS OF THE CAPITALE OF
SUDAN
The capitale of sudan khorttoum
IN THE MAP OF AFRICA
 The Current Political Problems of Sudan

Sudan has experienced many internal problems for a very

long time. Since the country attained its independence in
1956, there has been no political stability in the entire
country. The North and the South have been continuously
fighting for various reasons. This problem resulted from an
improperly executed transition from the colonial government
to self- governance. Studies have also blamed this problem
on several specific factors. These factors include traditional
authority, poor governance, and marginalisation of some
parts of the nation’s population.
 PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY
• 1. Conflict & Instability

• From cattle rustling to tribal skirmishes to the full

scale civil war that’s currently swallowing the
country, South Sudan hasn’t seen a year of peace
since independence. This instability is bad for
business. It scares away foreign direct investment and
reduces confidence among citizens, resulting in those
with means keeping their money abroad where it is of
no help to our economy. But think about all that
instability another way – for each citizen, the
government spends $90 per year on the military alone.
Deduct government salaries and operating costs, and
you’re left with only $24 spent per year for that citizen
on health care, education, infrastructure etc. Very
little is going into stimulating business
2. Poor Infrastructure
I’ll just focus on the roads. If you’ve ever driven
anywhere in South Sudan, you’ll know the road
network is bad. I mean really bad. Not only do these
bumpy dirt tracks restrict access from one region to
another, but they cost businesses money to use – and
I’m not talking about those illegal ‘tax’ checkpoints
either. In fact, 60% of South Sudanese businesses rate
transport as a severe obstacle to trading. Bad roads
means smaller loads and much longer travel times to
get those goods to market. All this adds cost. Freight
trucks drive an average of 6.4 km per hour so moving
perishable goods, like foodstuff, is a big problem.
3. Dependence on oil

As the old saying goes; never put

all your eggs in one basket. But
that’s exactly what the government
of South Sudan has been doing.
According to the World Bank, South
Sudan is the most oil-dependent
country in the world, with oil
accounting for almost the totality of
exports, and for around 60% of our
gross domestic product (GDP).
Diversifying the economy took a
back seat when the oil money was
flying in. Now with production
falling to below 160,000 bpd and the
decline in oil prices from $110 per
barrel to $55 per barrel, our
economy is dangerously exposed
4. Dependence on Imports
We have virtually no manufacturing or commercial
agricultural base or services sector. So, we have to import
everything. The money we earn from oil is spent abroad on
purchasing essentials, leaving precious little to stay in
circulation inside the country. Any drop in the value of SSP
will result in prices going up. Its impossible to keep the value
of SSP high without something to secure it against. Here is
where the fall in oil prices is really going to hurt us.
5. Low Human Capital

literacy levels. Only one in three South Sudan

has one of the world’s lowest adult South
Sudanese can read and write. 4 out of every 5
of the working population are engaged in non-
wage work, mainly in small scale farming and
cattle herding. As a nation, we’re largely
unskilled and uneducated. This makes our
country extremely unattractive .
FOOD AND TRADITIONS OF SUDAN
FOOD
 TRADITIONS

• In Sudan, there are clearly defined gender roles. It's part of the country's culture and traditions. From a young age, girls and boys are
brought up differently. By tradition, the father is the head of the household. He makes all the decisions. But it's not just fathers who have
responsibilities. Men, regardless of their position and age are responsible for their mothers, sisters and aunts which means providing the
financial support.

• Women lead very busy lives and their role is to take care of the children, the sick, the elderly, along with running the household. According
to how Islam is practised in Sudan, girls and women are expected to act and dress in a certain way. Girls must be escorted when they leave
the house and should wear a headscarf and modest clothing.

• Picture
• Food

• In Central Sudan we see the most diverse assortment of cuisines as this is where so many different cultures from all over the country have
come together. Sudan like other cultures started off with their staple foods and over time developed into more sophisticated cuisines.
External influences on Sudanese food can be traced to Syrian traders and Arabic settlers from the Mediterranean. Spices like garlic and
peppers, specifically red pepper along with dishes such as meatballs and pastries which were not well known in Sudan until they were
introduced. The staple meal in Sudanese food is a special type of bread called Kissra which is made of corn and Durra and eaten with a
stew. These stews are made of dried meat, dried onions, spices and peanut butter. There are many other types of stews that are eaten in
Sudan but this is the staple. An appetizer for this meal would be parts of a sheep eaten raw like the lungs, liver and stomach and are called
Elmaraara and Umfitit. With these they will add peanut butter, onions and salt.

• Food in Sudan tends to be fairly simple, seasoned with salt, pepper or lemon. Staples include asida, a porridge made from millet or
sorghum, and a flat bread called kisra. Lamb and chicken are eaten, often in stews, which may also contain tomatoes, onions, potatoes,
eggplant or okra. Beans and lentils are also often used and salads may accompany the meal. Dried or smoked fish is commonly eaten in the
south. In traditional areas meals may be communal, with diners using kisra to dip into or scoop from a bowl or bowls of food shared by all.
Coffee is a popular beverage. To make Sudanese guhwah coffee, the beans are fried and then ground with cloves and spices. Hot water is
passed through the grounds, the brew is strained through a grass sieve, then served from a pot called a jebena. Tea is also popular after a
meal is finished.

• Picture
• Housing